English-Turkmen-Russian Glossary of Scientific and Technological Terms

By G. A. Orazova and Y. L. Ter-Semyonova

This glossary of scientific and technological terms is compiled in three languages: English, Turkmen, and Russian. The terms in the glossary have been selected and structured to meet the diverse and various interests and knowledge of readers. It includes terms and explanations of common terminology from such fields as science, technology, and innovation policy as well as economic development and business related activities. It also covers terms from biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, genetics, medicine, physics, chemistry, and other science related fields.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Mar 27, 2017
• ISBN: 9781524587468

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Copyright © 2017 by G. A. Orazova; Y. L. Ter-Semyonova.

Library of Congress Control Number:   2017902991

ISBN:      Hardcover       978-1-5245-8748-2

                Softcover        978-1-5245-8747-5

                eBook             978-1-5245-8746-8

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Thinkstock are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

Certain stock imagery © Thinkstock.

Rev. date: 03/27/2017

Bloomington, Indiana, USA

Xlibris

1-888-795-4274

www.Xlibris.com

755893

CONTENTS

A

Academic degrees and titles

Accelerator mass spectrometry

Accreditation

Action plan

Active remote sensing

Advisory board

Affidavit

Affiliation (in management)

Alloy

Alternative fuel

Amorphous silicon

Amperage Interrupt Capability (AIC)

Ampere hour meter

Amplifier

Angstrom

Anisotropy

Applied research

Array current

Associate professor

Atmospheric window

Atom probe

Atomic Force Microscopy

B

Backscatter

Banner ad (a banner advertisement)

Basic patent (Pioneer patent)

Basic (Fundamental) research

Batch processing

Benchmarking

Benchmark study

Best practices

Bid (in business)

Bioaeronautics

Bioassay

Biochemistry

Biochips

Biocoenology or biocenology

Bioconversion

Biodesulfurization

Biodiesel

Biodiversity

Bioelectronics

Biofilm

Biofuel

Biogas

Biogeochemistry

Biomarkers

Biomass

Biomimetic materials

Biophysics

Biopolymer

Biorecovery

Biosecurity

Bioseeds

Biota (Greek biote—life)

Biotechnology

Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)

Blended learning

Board

Brainstorming

Brand

Browser

Budget

Business analysis

Business and Innovation Center (BIC)

Business incubator

Business plan

Business process

Business Research and Development

Buyer’s market

C

Cadaster

Case study

Capillary electrophoresis

Cartograms

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

Center of excellence

Certification

Chemical Ionization (CI)

Chromatography

City-establishing organization of a science city

Cluster

Cluster analysis

Codified knowledge

Collaborative Research Agreement

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS)

Competence education

Comprehensive examinations for the candidate’s degree

Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems

Computer dependency (computer addiction)

Consensus

Consortium

Continuing education

Continuous Acquisition and Lifecycle Support

(CALS) technology

Continuum management

Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST)

Copyright

Copyright online

Cosmopolitan

Curriculum Vitae (CV), Résumé

Cyber security

Cyber shop

Cyberspace

Czochralski Process

D

Date of patent

Detection limit

Detector

Dielectric (insulator)

Digital data

Digitizing

Directorate General (DG)

Delinquent (from Latin delinquens-offender)

Dilettantism

Discussion boards (Message boards, Forums)

Diversification

DNA chips (gene chips)

E

E-advising (electronic advising)

E-book (electronic book)

E-business (electronic business)

E-cash (electronic cash)

E-commerce (electronic commerce)

Economic and Technological Intelligence (ETI)

Economic growth

Economic law

Economic performance

E-culture (electronic culture)

E-Europe (electronic Europe)

E-government (electronic government)

E-learning (electronic learning

Electrolytic cell

Electromagnetic spectrum

Electron gun

Electron Volt (eV)

Electronic banking, cyber banking

Electronic commerce

Electronic Facial Identification Technique (E-FIT)

Electronic waste

Electrophoresis

Electrospray/ ionization (ESI)

Emission

Empathy

Energy Star®

Enhanced e-books

Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurial innovation

Enterprise GIS (Geographic Information System)

E-portfolio

E-publishing

Establishment of usefulness

European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)

European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN)

European Commission (EC)

European Info Centers (EIC)

European Investment Bank (EIB)

European Investment Fund (EIF)

European Patent Office (EPO)

European Research Area (ERA)

European Space Agency (ESA)

European Union (EU)

EUROSTAT-Statistical Office of the European Community

Evaluation of scientific research

Evolutionary algorithms (EA)

E-workplace, virtual office

Exclusive license

Experimental development

Experimental research

Exploitable result (in Rеsearch and Development)

Export Information System (EIS)

Extrusion

F

Factor analysis

Feasibility study report

Field experience

Field testing

Financial destabilization

Framework agreement

Framework program

Franchise

Fraudulent advertising

Freelance journalist (Freelancer)

Functional testing

G

Gantt chart

Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)

Gel electrophoresis

Gene

Genetic bank

Genetic engineering

Genetically Engineered Microbial Pesticides (GEMP)

Genetic map

Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs)

Genome

Genomic sciences

Genomics

Geocode

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Geomicrobiology

Geostationary

Global warming

Globalization

Good practice

Grant

Gross margin (Profit margin)

Group Purchasing Organization (GPO)

H

Hematological testing

Heterarchy

High-technology industry

High-technology product

High-Throughput Screening (HTS)

Human Development Index (HDI)

Hybrid mass spectrometer

Hybridization (molecular genetics)

Hybridization (plant genetics)

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

I

Image analysis

Indicators

Indivisibilities

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Information Engineering (IE)

Information Society

Information Technology (IT)

Infosphere

Infrared Radiation

Infrastructure

Infringement of a patent

Innovation

Innovation activities

Innovation and Technology Equity Capital (ITEC)

Innovation center

Innovation climate index

Innovation cycle

Innovation indicators

Innovation management

Innovation outputs (general)

Innovation project

Innovation Relay Centers (IRC)

Innovation thinking

Innovative firm

Innovative models (linear and systemic)

Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)

Institute for Management of Research and Innovation in Sustainability (IMRIS)

Institutional review board (IRB)

Intangible investment (investment in knowledge)

Integrated Healthcare Network (IHN)

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Intellectual property

Intellectual Property Right (IPRs)

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International Food Biotechnology Council (IFBC)

International Society for the Advancement of Biotechnology (ISAB)

International Technology Transfer (ITT)

Internet Access Provider (IAP)

Internship

Intranet

Invention

Investment decision

Isoline

Isomerism

J

JAPIO (Commercial Wing of the Japanese Patent Office)

JIT—Just-in-Time

Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)

K

Key (strategic) Technologies

Key word

Kickoff meeting

Know-how

Knowledge-based economy

Knowledge Economy

Knowledge flows

L

Laboratory Information System (LIS)

Laissez-faire

Land Information System (LIS)

Laser

Lattice

License

Licensee

Licensor

Ligand (in biochemistry)

Logistics

M

Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT)

Management potential (performance capabilities)

Management services model

Mannheim Innovation Panel (MIP)

Mannheim Innovation Panel for Services (MIP-S)

Map projection

Map scale

Market development

Market leader

Market price

Market segmentation

Market testing

Marketing

Marketing of educational services

Mechatronics

Microbiology

Microdrone

Micromodification

Mobile networks

Mock-up

Molecular biology

Molecular Genetics

Molecular hybridization

Monitoring

Multimedia systems

Multinational Enterprise (MNE)

Multispectral

Mutation

N

Nanodot

Nanography

Nanophysics

Nanorobot

Nanoscience

Nanostructured material

Nanosurgery

Nanotechnology

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quоtation (NASDAQ)

National innovation system

National Priorities in Science and Technology

National research capacity

National rhombus

Netbooks

Networking

Network analysis

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Non-disclosure agreement (NDA)

Nonexclusive license

Non-innovation changes in products or processes

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

Novelty

NVivo

O

Office of Agricultural Biotechnology (OAB)

Omnibus panel

Online advertising

Open innovation

Open science

Optics

Option agreement

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Organizational innovation

P

Panchromatic

Panel

Parsec

Partners

Passive remote sensing

Patent

Patent life

Patent maintenance

Patentability study

Personnel management

Pharmacognosy

Photodiode

Photon

Pilot production

Pilot project

Plasma chemistry

Plasma membrane

Plasmatron

Plasmid

Podcast

Portfolio

Portfolio management

Postgraduate education

Postgraduate Vocational Education (PVE)

Pre-competitive R&D

Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

Process map

Product

Product development

Product manager

Professional competence

Project manager

Project planning

Project result

Protein chip (microarray)

Public education

Pulsars

Q

Quality education

Quality of Life (QOL)

R

Raster

Recombination

Red biotechnology

Refresher course

Regional authorities

Regulatory framework

Relational database

Relay centers

Remote sensing

Removable modules

Research and Development (R&D)

R&D capital depreciation rate

R&D depreciation rate

R&D fiscal privileges

R&D tax credit

R&D tax incentives

Research personnel mobility

Researcher

Resolution or resolving power

Restrictase

S

Scattering (in Physics)

Science city (scientific city)

Science-intensive (knowledge-intensive)

Science park

Scientific and technological activities (STA)

Scientific and technological innovation (STI)

Screening (in medicine)

Self-management

Senior Advisory Group on Biotechnology (SAGB)

Share of equipment

Smart card

Solar furnace

Solar panel

Solar thermal electric systems

Space-based solar power (SSP)

Spatial analysis

Spatial resolution

Spectral reflectance

Spectral resolution

Spillover effect

Spin-off effect

Spin-off firm

Staff recruitment

Stage-gate product development process

Standard

Start-up capital

Start-up consulting

State accreditation

State research center

State science and technology policy

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

STM - Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Strategic vision

Success criteria for fiscal policy

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

Supply-Chain Management (SCM)

Sustainable growth rate

SWOT analysis

Synergy effect

T

Tacit knowledge

Tangible assets

Target audience

Targeted Socioeconomic Research (TSER)

Task force

Technical assistance

Technological auditing

Technological consulting

Technological innovation

Technological process innovation

Technological Product and Process (TPP) innovation

Technological product innovation

Technological trade

Technologically improved product

Technologically new product

Technology

Technology Achievement Index (TAI)

Technology balance of payments

Technology cluster

Technology diffusion

Technology field

Technology licensing

Technology platform

Technology transfer

Technopark (technology park)

Technopole

Thermochemistry

Terms of reference

Testing center

Tolerance

Topology

Total Laboratory Automation (TLA)

TPP innovating firm

TQM technology

Trademark

Twin institutions

U

Ultrabook

Unified educational space

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)

Unique selling proposition

Unpatentability

V

Verbal information (in management)

Virtual laboratory

W

Waste management

Waste prevention

Web phone

Whole-genome Association

Wind energy

Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) or Device

Wind generator

Windmill

Wind turbine

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

Wireless Power

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

X

Xenogeneic organs

Xenogenesis

Xeriscaping (xeric+landscaping)

X-ray

Y

Yield criteria (physics)

Z

Zero emissions

Zonal wind

Zymogens

Zymolysis

About the Book

This glossary of scientific and technological terms is compiled in three languages: English, Turkmen, and Russian. The terms in the glossary have been selected and structured to meet the diverse and various interests and knowledge of readers. It includes terms and explanations of common terminology from such fields as science, technology, and innovation policy as well as economic development and business related activities. It also covers terms from biology, biochemistry, biotechnology, genetics, medicine, physics, chemistry, and other science related fields.

The present educational glossary is our contribution to the research of scientists who speak English, Russian and Turkmen languages and are planning to conduct joint projects in various fields. These are researchers and specialists whose ambition is to improve the welfare of the economy through innovation and maintenance of the regional and global competitiveness of their organizations’ businesses and research institutions. The glossary will also support young researchers and specialists in working with modern equipment, in communicating with foreign colleagues and counterparts, and improving their vocabulary related to innovative technologies. Moreover, the glossary has been designed for a wide range of community college students, undergraduate, and graduate students who learn science-based English.

To compile the glossary, we borrowed terms and definitions from primary scientific sources, journals, industry periodicals, dictionaries, and reliable online resources. Our hope is that this brief educational glossary of scientific and technological terms will enable a better understanding of the complex ideas and techniques presented in today’s high-tech work environment.

Kitap barada Gysgaça Maglumat

Bu ylmy-tehnologik adalgalaryň düşündirişli sözlügi üç dilde: iňlis, türkmen we rus dillerinde düzüldi. Sözlükdäki maglumatlar okyjylaryň dürli gyzyklanmalaryny we bilimlerini kanagatlandyrmak üçin saýlanyp alyndy. Ol ylym, tehnologiýa, innowasion syýasat, ykdysadyet, ösüş we işewürlik ýaly ugurlaryň adalgalaryndan we düşündirişlerinden ybaratdyr. Şeýle hem bu gollanma biologiýa, biohimiýa, biotehnologiýa, genetika, medisina, fizika, himiýa we beýleki ylymlarda ulanylýan adalgalary özünde jemleýär.

Hödürlenýän okuw sözlügi iňlis, türkmen we rus dillerinde gürleýän alymlaryň ylmy-barlag taslamalaryny bilelikde geçirmegi meýilleşdirýän işlerine goşant bolar. Dürli pudaklarda zähmet çekýän bu alymlar we hünärmenler işewürlik merkezlerine we ylmy-barlag edaralaryna innowasiýalary girizip, sebit hem global bazarlarynda bäsdeşligi saklamak bilen ykdysadyýetiň kuwwatyny özgertmäge ýardam ederler. Bu düşündirişli sözlük ýaş alymlara we hünärmenlere täze ornaşdyrylan enjamlar bilen netijeli işlemekde, daşary ýurtly kärdeşleri bilen aragatnaşyk saklamakda we innowasion tehnologiýalar bilen baglanyşykly dil baýlygyny kämilleşdirmekde hem gymmatly çeşme bolup biler. Şeýle hem bu gollanma iňlis dilini ylmy maksatlar üçin öwrenýän ýörite orta we ýokary okuw mekdepleriniň talyplary, hem-de aspirantlar üçin niýetlenendir.

Sözlük taýýarlanylanda ylmy çeşmeleriň asyl nusgalaryndaky, ylmy žurnallardaky, sözlüklerdäki we ygtybarly internet çeşmelerindäki adalgalardyr kesgitlemelerden peýdalanyldy. Bu gollanma häzirki döwrüň ýokary tehnologiýaly iş gurşawynyň çylşyrymly pikirlerine we usullaryna has gowy düşünmäge ýardam eder diýip umyt edýäris.

Кратко о Книге

Данный глоссарий научно-технических терминов составлен на трех языках: английском, туркменском и русском. Справочная информация в глоссарии отобрана и структурирована для удовлетворения разнообразных и различных интересов и знаний читателей. В него входят термины, толкование общей терминологии из таких областей как, наука, технологическая и инновационная политика, а также из области экономического развития и деловой деятельности. В частности, в глоссарии представлены термины по биологии, биохимии, биотехнологии, генетике, медицине, физике, химии и других наук.

Данный образовательный глоссарий - наш вклад в научное исследование ученых, которые говорят на английском, туркменском и русском языках и планируют заниматься совместными научно-исследовательскими проектами в различных областях. Это ученые и специалисты, которые преследуют цель - улучшить благосостояние экономики посредством нововведений и поддержания конкурентоспособности бизнес центров и научных институтов на национальных и мировых рынках. Глоссарий также поможет молодым ученым и специалистам в управлении с современными приборами и в общении с иностранными коллегами, бизнесменами, и улучшит словарный запас, связанный с инновационными технологиями. Более того, глоссарий предназначен для широкого круга студентов, выпускников и аспирантов, которые изучают английский для научных целей.

Для составления этого глоссария, мы позаимствовали термины и определения из первичных научных источников, журналов, отраслевых периодических изданий, словарей и надежных Интернет-ресурсов. Мы надеемся, что этот краткий образовательный глоссарий научно-технических терминов позволит лучше понять сложные идеи и методы, представленные в сегодняшней высокотехнологической рабочей среде.

About the Authors

Gulshirin Orazova is a linguist, educational administrator, and an expert in International Education with rich teaching experience of such courses as English for Specific Purposes, College Level Academic Literacy and Global Gender Issues with diverse college and graduate level students. Gulshirin Orazova is a professional simultaneous translator for international scientific conferences from English, Turkmen, and Russian languages. She is also certified in qualitative educational research, conducting her doctoral dissertation in Adult and Higher Education at Northern Illinois University, Chicago area. Gulshirin Orazova’s research interest, published in journal articles and as conference papers, also extends to quality education, contemporary methods of teaching and social philosophy.

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