Fractal Modernisation Model of Industrial Areas’ Environment in Developing Countries

By Dr. Mihyar M. Awad

The Book is emerging a deeper sense of understanding the morphology of industrial districts in terms of their form, process, scale, statistics and dynamics to enable us to map out our approach for developing irregular dynamical industrial districts.
Environmental condition of industrial district in developing countries is in perpetual change, which leads to the failure of the classical modernisation method in achieving their goals. Therefore, the need for dynamical and flexible system is very urgent in such conditions. The fractal modernisation method of industrial Areas, which created by this research is characterised by flexible urban modernisation system, hierarchical metamorphosis, information network and dynamical promotional system. As well as, featured by perpetual repetition of planning process on time by self-organisational structures. Those are features give this method its durability and capability to meet the actual and futuristic needs of randomly dynamical industrial districts of developing countries.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Dec 18, 2015
• ISBN: 9781499080179

Dr. Mihyar M. Awad

Dr. Mihyar M. Awad was born on 1970. On July 2002, was graduated from Vienna University of Technology with Doctor of Technology degree. During his undergraduate studies of Architecture on Khartoum University, Faculty of Engineering and Architect he was awarded the first prize for best performance on final year. As well as, he has been awarded the first prize for best performance from faculty of Engineering and Architecture for four times throughout his education. He has posted different positions including University teaching position and Architect on Austrian Consultant Companies. On January 2005, he has established iproplan Planners Co. Ltd. in Qatar with partnership with iproplan Planungsgesellschaft MBH from Germany. iproplan Planners has been awarded prizes from internationally recognized organizations such as International Star for Leadership in Quality Management Award, from BID in Paris, and the Five Stars Architecture Award for Public Service Building for the design of a Hospital from Arabian Property Award of Bloomberg TV. Under, his supervision working 80 consultant engineers, and has executed consultant projects on Architecture and Infrastructure for the total contract value of 22 Million USD up-to-date.

Book preview

FRACTAL

MODERNIZATION

MODEL OF

INDUSTRIAL AREAS’

ENVIRONMENT

IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

DR. MIHYAR M. AWAD

DR. TECH. DIPL.-ING. BSC. ARCH.

Copyright © 2015 by Dr. Mihyar M. Awad. 618457

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014918371

ISBN:   Softcover            978-1-4990-8016-2

             Hardcover           978-1-4990-8015-5

             EBook                  978-1-4990-8017-9

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

Rev. date: 01/20/2016

Xlibris

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Fractal Modernization Model of Industrial Areas’ Environment in Developing Countries

by

Dr. Mihyar M. Awad

Dr. Tech. Dipl.-Ing. Bsc. Arch.

To my parent, my wife, and my sons

With deepest love

and

To the people and organizations working for the industrialization of developing countries.

Contents

Acknowledgments

Abstract

Chapter 1 Introduction

Introduction:

Theme of the research:

Starting points:

Research objectives:

The scope of the research:

Chapter 2 Fractal Theory and Environmental Change Management of Industrial Areas

Environmental change management constraints in developing countries:

Goals of environmental change management theory:

Definition of fractal theory:

Definition of fractal geometry:

Characteristics of fractals:

The fractal geometry and Julian set functions.

Iterated function systems:

Environmental change management of industrial areas:

Chapter 3 Dynamics of Industrial Location

Background on industrial location theories:

• Normative industrial location theory:

• Behavioral approach:

• Geography of enterprise:

• Manufacturing in regional development theory and planning:

• Structural approach:

Factors generating dynamics of industrial location:

• Production cycle:

• Shifts on techno-economic paradigm:

• Change on infrastructure and main industries:

• Productivity improvement:

• Changes on firms’ structural organization:

• Changes on communication technology:

• Market areas, distribution costs, and location:

Spatial trajectory of industrial location:

Developing countries and dynamical industries:

• Industrial development approach of South Korea:

• Industrial development approach of Nigeria:

The role of planners in developing countries:

Chapter 4 Project Planning and Feasibility Study in Developing Countries

Establishment of project objectives:

Determination of Project Organization:

Formulation of Working Stages.

Economic Feasibility of Industrial District Modernization in Developing Countries:

Chapter 5 Evaluation of Present Industrial Areas’ Environment

Evaluation constraints of industrial areas’ environment in DCs:

Goals of appropriate evaluation method:

Identification of fractal analysis method for industrial areas:

Techniques of fractal evaluation method of industrial districts environmental condition:

Survey and record of physical condition:

Elements of industrial district physical condition :

Evaluation of production efficiency:

Evaluation of industrialization laws and buildings regulations conditions:

Evaluation of types of ownership of industrial plots:

Evaluation of manufacturing classification in industrial district:

Evaluation of traffic network:

• Capacity of industrial traffic planning method:

• Traffic problems identification in cities and industrial areas:

• Reasons of industrial areas transport problems:

• Environmental impact of traffic in cities and industrial areas

• A - Traffic accident risks:

• B - Traffic noise pollution

• C - Traffic air pollution

• D - Consumption of land

• The social consequences of traffic in cities

• Effects of transport problems in industrialization and economic promotion:

• Objective of industrial traffic evaluation method:

• Record and evaluation of present condition of industrial traffic:

• Traffic analysis:

• Analysis of traffic source and target in industrial areas:

• Analysis of time of traffic peak points in industrial area:

• Analysis of traffic authorities’ statistics

• Analysis of type of vehicles in industrial area:

• Analysis of industrial district’s streets design:

• Prognoses of industrial area’s traffic

Evaluation of technical infrastructure:

Survey and record of working Environment:

Description of working environment factors at different planning levels:

Evaluation of environmental management facilities in industrial district:

Analysis of environmental changes of industrial district:

Analysis of working environment in sample factories:

Investigation of employees’ point of view on their working environment:

Survey and record of social infrastructure:

Analysis of qualified manpower:

Evaluation of education system, especially technical qualification.

City population analysis:

Analysis of employment structure:

Chapter 6 Formulation of Industrial District Modernization Requirements

Constraints of modernization requirements formulation of industrial districts in DCs:

Goals of requirements formulation method:

Identification of fractal formulation method of industrial modernization requirements:

Formulation of physical requirements of activity spaces:

Formulation of working environment requirements:

Formulation of infrastructure requirements:

Formulation of traffic system requirements:

Requirements of street network in the city:

Requirement of traffic in industrial district:

Modernization of street networks in industrial districts:

Requirements of street width in industrial districts:

Requirements of environmental design of streets in industrial district:

Chapter 7 Industrial Areas’ Environment Modernization Principles

Goals of fractal modernization method of industrial environment:

Identification of modernization work structure:

Identification of environmental development elements of industrial district:

Modernization of the activities and activity places of the area:

Modernization of goods and pedestrian traffic:

Modernization of industrial-district infrastructure:

Planning of semi-lattice modernization phasing system:

Modernization of phase one:

Planning of expansion area:

Environmental layout of industries in expansion neighborhoods:

Detail planning of expansion neighborhoods:

Summary

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 The Questionnaire, Tool of Record and Survey of Industrial Areas Condition

Appendix 2 Classification of Manufacturing Industries According to the International Standard of Industrial Classification (ISIC)

Appendix 3 Investigation and Data Collection

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, praises and acknowledgment is for my God, Allah. He is the One, whom all creatures need. He begets not, nor was He begotten, and there is none coequal or comparable unto him.

I would like to express my deep gratitude and thanks to Prof. Dr. Degenhard Sommer and Prof. Kunibert Wachten for their kind supervision, valuable criticism, and useful comments and advice throughout the progress of the work. To them, I am highly indebted—with thanks.

I wish in particular to acknowledge gratefully the Department of Development Cooperation, Foreign Ministry of Republic of Austria, and the Afro-Asiatic Institute in Vienna (AAI) for the financial support of this research work. I am grateful to Mag. Markus Pleschko for his assistance. Also, my thanks are extended to AAI in Salzburg for the funds offered to conduct the field survey in Khartoum.

My profound thanks and appreciation for the Institute of Industrial Architecture and Building Construction, Technical University of Vienna for offering me the chance to carry out this research. I am especially grateful to Dr. Herbert Stöcher, D.I. Elfriede Hopfner-Ferd, and all staff members of the institute for their assistance and helpful support.

I state my indebtedness to Arch. Hasan Hamid and the staff of the Department of Industrial Investment, Ministry of Industry of Republic of the Sudan, who assisted me in data collection. I wish to express my deepest thanks and gratitude to all industrial engineers and managers of the investigated factories in the three Khartoum industrial districts for their cooperation and the valuable information they have offered in the questionnaires and interviews.

Finally, I wish to acknowledge gratefully my family, especially my mother, my wife, and my sons Muzzammil and Muaz for their patience during the preparation of this book.

Abstract

Our view of industrial areas is closer to modern biology than it is to either the visual arts or classical economics, which have both influenced the study of cities and their land-use planning so profoundly over the last century. This research will raise a deeper sense of how the morphology of industrial districts should be understood in terms of their form and process, scale and shape, their statistics and dynamics. This will enable us to map out our approach, which builds our understanding of irregular industrial-district forms.

A good diagnostic test to gauge the vitality of any science is the degree of innovation and renewal in its basic terminology—which is a concept that always reflects a certain paradigm, a certain idea of what humanity needs to know and of ways to go about seeking that knowledge. Within architecture, the pace of renewal is strikingly slow, especially on the field of industrial architecture. On the other hand, industries or areas undergoing rapid change exhaust existing vocabularies quickly, which leads to the need for new concepts to emerge in a steady stream.

Recognition of this fact makes it entirely legitimate for researchers in developing countries to take active part in solving their societies’ problems. The free and methodical search for truth represented in scientific inquiry is needed, not only to give the problem-solving effort a sound basis in reality, but also critically to question the direction of dominant urban planning and organization trends and propose alternatives. Many urgent problems have proven to be beyond solution by administrative fiat based on assorted pieces of objective knowledge.

The environmental condition of industrial districts in developing countries is in perpetual change, which leads to the failure of the classical modernization method in achieving their goals. Therefore, the need for a dynamical and flexible system is very urgent in such conditions. The fractal modernization method of industrial areas’ environments in DCs, which created by this research is characterized by flexible urban modernization system, hierarchical metamorphosis, information network, and dynamical promotional system—as well as featured by perpetual repetition of the planning process on time by self-organizational structures. Those features give this method its durability and capability to meet the actual and futuristic needs of randomly dynamical industrial districts of developing countries.

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Chapter One:

Introduction

Introduction:

There have been significant changes in the global distribution of manufacturing since the Second World War. The structure of the world in the era after the war has imposed new economic and political relationships between the so-called developing countries (DCs) and their previous colonial nations. In the postwar era, industrial promotion in developing economics has experienced increase in the manufacturing added value, especially in the semi- or newly industrialized countries (NICs). The modern global economy trend is featured by the transition of various industries, which leave their home countries of long industrialization tradition and target developing economics in order to obtain economic benefits. This new global market and its industrial relationships have benefited from modern technology, which leads to the limitation of spatial factors. The new global industrialization trends offer great development chances for some DCs and assist them to attract new technology and to increase their share of the world manufacturing added value. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new innovative ways of thinking based on deep understanding of the recent industrialization physical structure, environmental conditions, and political attitudes of developing countries.

There have been significant changes in the global distribution of manufacturing since the Second World War. The structure of the world in the era after the war has imposed new economical and political relationship between the so-called developing counties (D.Cs) and their pervious colonial nations. In the post-war era industrial promotion in developing economics has experienced increase in the manufacturing added value specially in the Semi- or New Industrialised Countries (NICs).

Industrialization is not only an economic system for the promotion of living standard, but it is also a culture system, which has led to the restructuring of human relations and social interfaces in industrialized societies. The modern social and economic attitudes on developing countries, which aim to the progress of natural rescues for economic benefits, are always introduced to those regions by the colonial system of the early twentieth century. During the colonial era, DCs were incorporated into the world capitalists’ system and had their spatial pattern and relations progressively transformed to serve that system. The economic structures of DCs on that period are formulated in order to serve a one-way economic system for the benefit of colonialism. Therefore, they introduced new agricultural order, which mainly targeted industrial input products for exports to the northern industrialized societies. However, it is readily apparent that the economic structure and related spatial patterns and relations, which have emerged during the post-colonial era, are not different from those of colonialism.

In spite of that, most of the post-colonial governments of developing countries have attempted to introduce industrial activities on their local economic structure without paying any attention to pre-industrialization requirements such as education, technology, power, infrastructure, and extra. Political decision makers at that period have adopted the Western model of industrial location, and they have neglected the differences of the economic and social circumstances.

In spite of that, most of the post-colonial governments of developing countries have attempted to introduce industrial activities on their local economic structure without paying any attention to pre-industrialization requirements such as education, technology, power, infrastructure, and extra. Political decision makers at that period have adopted the Western model of industrial location, and they have neglected the differences of the economic and social circumstances. The common trend of the post-colonialism policies of DCs is based on dependency theory. But many factors, which reinforce dependency, hardly need any special or conscious promotion. Rather, it would take mammoth forces to change them. It is also important that a recognition of certain common elements of dependency not be allowed to obscure the fact that there are great variations in developing countries, which could be described as dependent. In size, population, culture, and resources, there are enormous contrasts—to say nothing of variation in infrastructure and colonial history. Some new industrial countries (NICs), such as South Korea and Malaysia, have made great progress in expanding their manufacturing sectors, whilst others have lagged far behind. For more detailed information, see the illustration of the experience of South Korea and Nigeria in chapter three.

Theme of the research:

Most of developing countries have planned industrial areas influenced by the Western model in order to establish modern economic systems without consideration to their culture and social structure. Of course, one of their objectives is to develop the natural resources and to promote the standard of living. Due to the lack of pre-industrial conditions in DCs, they have located industrial areas on the outskirts of the capital cities because of the relative availability of services, power, workmanship, and market. The majority of the factories of DCs in the post-colonial era are market-oriented small- and medium-sized plants. Therefore, they did not succeed to formulate core industries, which could generate the wheel of manufactory in their regions. Moreover, marketing conditions of the developing economics are not stable, due to the fast changes of political regimes and the absences of industrialization-oriented policies of the majority of the developing countries except the Far Eastern region of Asia.

Most of the research works on the field of physical planning in developing countries focus on housing and upgrading of squatter housing. Very few discuss the problems of infrastructure and industrial areas in developing countries. Our role as architects and planners in developing countries is to examine, investigate, evaluate and to create physical planning development techniques of industrial areas, industrial estates and design of plants to be convenient to our spatial, economical, political and social structure. Moreover, planners of D.Cs should give priority and special consideration to the environmental characteristics of working environment.

It is well known that city environments are composed of three parts: living, recreation, and working environment. These three sectors are almost related, integrated, and depend on each other. Therefore, the planners of industrial districts should concern themselves mainly with the nature of this activity places within city structure. But unfortunately, city planners in developing countries neglect this natural organic relation. They have separated working environment from living environment; moreover, they have forgotten natural expansion of the living environment due to the creation of new working places and the expansion of industrial areas because of the enlargement of interest of the private sector’s investment in industry at a certain period of time. This planning blunder causes environmental hazards, which intimidate directly the life of humanity and nature. The feeble planning method leads to unhealthy squatter housing adjacent to or within the industrial areas, due to uncontrollable expansion of both environmental sectors (i.e., living and working environments). The agglomeration of the industries in crowded areas, insufficient physical spaces for trucks maneuvering, unpaved narrow streets, open surface water-drainage channels, chaotic cars parking, and mechanical services of vehicles in unsuitable street areas, which were not planned for such activities causes dangerous traffic accidents and air pollution (see figure 1.1). The lack of drainage services for industries leads to spots of chemical liquids on top of the ground within the district and near to the housing areas. This industrial sewage pollutes the groundwater, rivers, and air. The location of industrial areas within the city does not consider the prevailing winds and orientation of the industries in relation to cityscape. Due to that, the draft of the industrial gases and dust covers large areas of the housing districts. In many cases, there are no buffer zones between industrial and living areas.

image1.tif

Figure 1.1: Pollution problems caused by craft work on the streets of Khartoum North industrial area, due to the lack of appropriate spaces offered for this activities.

The previous described environment is a common factor in many industrial areas in developing countries, if it is not the typical one. The practice of industrialization of developing economies has proven that industrial districts in DCs suffer from two common problems. The first one is the functional inefficiency of industrial areas to achieve their objectives to promote industrialization in developing economics. The second problem is the disastrous working environment, which may lead to distort the whole city. The conflict started from our awareness of industry with considerable ambivalence. On the one hand, industry is revered as the very source of our prosperity; then again, it is perceived to threaten the whole of our civilization. This ambivalence also characterizes the architects’ relationship to industrial buildings and the creation of a working environment. The condition in many developing countries is more complicated due to the negligence of main environmental factors. In addition to that, the industrialization itself fails to meet the development requirements because of the lack of basic infrastructure such as electric power, sewage system, gas, unpaved narrow streets, inadequate location, and unsuitable planning method.

Most of the research works on the field of physical planning in developing countries were focused on housing and upgrading of squatter housing. Very few discuss the problems of infrastructure and industrial areas in developing countries. The research and the development are complementary parts. There will be no development in industrialization in developing countries if there is no research in this field. Our role as architects and planners in developing countries is to examine, investigate, evaluate, and to create physical planning development techniques of industrial areas, industrial estates, and design of plants to be convenient to our spatial, economic, political, and social structure. Moreover, planners of DCs should give priority and special consideration to the environmental characteristics of the working environment.

Our research concentrates on the problems of industrial districts functionally and environmentally and aims to find out appropriate modernization methods and techniques in order to create a better working environment and efficient utilization of local resources The research considers three industrial areas in Khartoum, the capital city of the Sudan, as a case study for the evaluation and survey of the present conditions of industrial districts in developing cities

Our research concentrates on the problems of industrial districts functionally and environmentally and aims to find out appropriate modernization methods and techniques in order to create a better working environment and efficient utilization of local resources The research considers three industrial areas in Khartoum, the capital city of the Sudan, as a case study for the evaluation and survey of the present conditions of industrial districts in developing cities (see figure 1.2). These three industrial areas are Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum North industrial areas (see figure 1.3). The main objective of the research is to create a modernization model of industrial areas’ environments in developing countries in order to offer planners of industrial areas in developing regions with comprehensive and sufficient information and planning methods to assist their promotion process. The research includes fieldwork on Khartoum town and the survey of the three industrial districts of the city. Due to the factor of time and the attempt to avoid iteration, the presentation of the evaluation method and modernization have been illustrated mainly on the condition of Khartoum North industrial area, which is the most important and the largest industrial district of the city.

Starting points:

The main starting point of the research is environmental pollution and the health hazards, which are often caused by industrial activities in developing cities (see figure 1.4). The perpetual complication of environmental problems of industrial districts in DCs are due to the negligence of human factors in the planning process of industrial areas and due to the shortcomings in the physical design not only of the premises, sites, infrastructure, and working places of the individual plants, but also of entire industrial areas embracing several companies. We can safely say that many traffic accidents at work are due to the inferior layout of street traffic systems and indoor transport routes. The research seeks for the creation of a better working environment in industrial districts of developing countries by the formulation of flexible and dynamical planning systems.

The second starting point is the fact that many industrial areas in developing countries fail to achieve industrialization objectives as a tool for the improvement of the natural and human resources and to promote the standard of living. Most of the industrial districts of DCs cannot keep pace with the rapid development of technology because of its rigid planning and incompatible services. The location of industrial areas in the capital cities of developing countries used to cause omission of rural areas and immigration from countryside to urban area, which leads to environmental and housing problems. The lack of services distribution and work opportunities causes unhealthy housing near to the industrial areas and the agglomeration of manufacturing districts with marginal works and activities, which obstacles the main function of the industrial area. A research provides information on planning principles and aims to create a better working environment and functional efficiency of industrial areas in developing countries as a decisive curing measure.

figure-1pt2.tif

Figure 1.2: The plan demonstrates the three industrial areas in Khartoum. They are Khartoum North, Khartoum and Omderman industrial districts, which are the case study for the evaluation and survey of the present conditions of industrial districts in developing countries. Source: Sudan Survey Department 1981.

image2.tif

Figure 1.3: Aerial photos of Khartoum North, Khartoum, and Omdurman industrial districts. The photos shows the irregular layout of the small- and medium-sized plants and unpaved streets. The three areas are integrated with the surrounding housing districts.

Source: Sudan Survey Department, 1996.

An important starting point for the project is the fundamental experience, which indicates the participation of active union and environment organizations in planning and the cooperation between the various parties concerned, which can be expected to result in:

Improved performance, efficiency, and ease of maintenance of physical designs.

► Better knowledge of the companies’ own activities and premises.

► Improvements in the physical working environment.

► Rejuvenation of the organizations by the improvement in ability to communicate and work together with other parties.

► Psychological and medical effects among personnel resulting from closer identification with their area and premises, greater job satisfaction, and greater sense of responsibility—all of which can be assumed to contribute to reduced ill-health and resulting absenteeism.

It is not possible to quantify the extent to which active union and environment organization participation results in these effects. However, it is beyond dispute that changing from formalized, regimented working methods and conditions to those based on a greater degree of autonomy and independence for the labor union, linked to improvements in the physical working environment, have been able to result in greater stability of production, reduced personnel turnover, lower costs, and less sickness-induced absences. Naturally, the presence and participation of a wide cross-spectrum of experts