Croatia 2: Ludwig Von Gaj Opposes Croatia’S Hungarian Heritage

By Ivo Vukcevich

Retired professor of political science, New York born Dr. Ivo Vukcevich is the author of Rex Germanorum Populus Sclavorum An Inquiry into the Origin & Early History of the Serbs/Slavs of Sarmatia, Germania, & Illyria, translated as Slavenska Germanija. A recognized authority on Slavic pre-history and contemporary South Slavic national-political issues, in Croatia - Ludwig von Gaj and the Croats are Herrenvolk Goths Syndrome, based mainly on standard Croat sources, Dr. Vukcevich introduces the reader to Ludwig von Gaj, the mid-nineteenth Creator of Croat nationhood as well as national identity issues in modern Croatia, with special attention to Croat-Serb relations. A work in progress examines the 800-year history of the Banat of Croatia in Hungary.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Jul 18, 2013
• ISBN: 9781483652238

Ivo Vukcevich

Retired professor of political science, New York born Dr. Ivo Vukcevich is the author of Rex Germanorum Populus Sclavorum – An Inquiry into the Origin & Early History of the Serbs/Slavs of Sarmatia, Germania, & Illyria, translated as Slavenska Germanija. A recognized authority on Slavic pre-history and contemporary South Slavic national-political issues, in Croatia - Ludwig von Gaj and the Croats are Herrenvolk Goths Syndrome, based mainly on standard Croat sources, Dr. Vukcevich introduces the reader to Ludwig von Gaj, the mid-nineteenth Creator of Croat nationhood as well as national identity issues in modern Croatia, with special attention to Croat-Serb relations. A work in progress examines the 800-year history of the Banat of Croatia in Hungary.

Book preview

Copyright © 2013 by Ivo Vukcevich.

Library of Congress Control Number:   2013910461

ISBN:      Hardcover      978-1-4836-5222-1

                Softcover        978-1-4836-5221-4

                Ebook            978-1-4836-5223-8

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

Rev. date: 07/16/2013

To order additional copies of this book, contact:

Xlibris LLC

1-888-795-4274

www.Xlibris.com

[e-mail]

125238

Contents

Introduction

1.   Old World Croatia—Lower Pannonia-Slavonia

2.   Slovins Are Croats Are Slovins

3.   Morphing Into Croatia

4.   Nostrum Banatum: Slavonia

5.   Great Estates

6.   Campus Zagrabiensis

7.   Leading Serb Lineages

8.   Krbava Battle, 1493

9.   Battle Of Mohacs, 1526

10.   Burgenland

11.   Quien Es Mas Macho?

12.   Serbiani Sono L’antemurale Contra Turchi Della Croatia Et Ungaria

13.   Zumberak Serbs: Rasciani Seu Serviani At Que Valahi, Quos Vulgo Zrbski Vocant

14.   Ottoman Slavonia

15.   Habsburg Slavonia

16.   Mihajlovici

17.   Civil And Military Affairs

18.   Hrvatski Bog German

19.   Few [Distinguished] Croats In Croatia, Fewer In Slavonia

20.   Defining Svabo-Folksdojcer-Uber Croat Moments

21.   Hungary-Croatia Relations 1500-1800

22.   Friar George Utjesenovic

23.   Ban Gyorgy Zrinyi: Ne Banstd A Magyart!

24.   Ignat Martinovics

25.   Andras Dugonics

26.   Eight Glorious Centuries Pod Okrilje Ugarske Krune

27.   Hell On Earth

28.   Plantation Slaves

29.   An Insult To Call A Croat A Croat

30.   Hungarians By Choice And Will

31.   Croatia-Hungary Kingdom

32.   Varazdin Krajina

33.   Croatia Hungarian System

34.   Croatia Austrian System

35.   Croatia Ljubeci Skut System

36.   Johann And Julieanne

37.   Gays Of Gayterstein

38.   Young Slovak Apothecary

39.   A Mother Named Ljuboslava Kovac

40.   No Can Say In Croatian

41.   A Boy Nicknamed ‘Russian’

42.   A Natural Instinct Guarded Me Against Any Foreign Language

43.   Real Varazdin 1821-1826

44.   Imagined Zagreb—Out Of Thin Air

45.   Professor Fran Ilesic

46.   Fratres Ignorante Aurelius Hoermann, Librorum Censor

47.   University Of Vienna November 1826 To December 1826

48.   Validating The Von—Nervous Breakdown

49.   Graz ~ 1827-1829

50.   Petranovic, Preradovic, Jarnevic

51.   Les Provinces Illirienes

52.   Karageorge’s Illyria

53.   Mamula, Miokovic, Budisalvjevic

54.   Our Croat And Serb Nation

55.   Oblast Brankovica—Despot Djurad Brankovic

56.   Djordje Brankovic—Despot Ilirika

57.   Liberation Of Orthodox Christians

58.   Despopten Von Servien

59.   Greater Austria, Greater Rome

60.   Endangers The Catholic Interest

61.   Endangers The Imperial Interest

62.   Serb Privileges

63.   Paul Ritter [Von Vrendorf]

64.   Suck-Up Extraordinaire

65.   Extinguish Hungary

66.   Austria Maximus, Hungaria Minimus

67.   Scoundrel Extraordinaire—Persona Non Grata

Gusars/Hussars

Regni Rassie Despotus Et Dominus Servie

Tsar Jovan Nenad

Defense Of Austria For Reasons Of Faith And Honor

Defense Of Hungary

Defense Of Venice

Crusades, Crusades, Crusades

Bosnia

Kill Them All; God Will Look After His Own

Lesser Evil

Greater Evil

Bibliography

DEDICATION

Vjera Stevovich Vukcevich

INTRODUCTION

In times past even as late as 300-400 years ago, there were no Croats in and around Zagreb, Krizevci, Sisak, Pozega etc, or generally speaking, in Croatia.

U staro vrijeme, i jos pred 300 do 400 godine nije oko Zagreba, Krizevci, Siska, Pozege itd. tj. uopce u Hrvatskoj . . . u cijeloj toj zemlji nije bilo nijednoga Hrvata (Antun Radic, 1903).

The Serbs are not settling in Croatia out of fear of any kind, but for reasons of faith and honor, and out of their deep and true Christian faith, and innate opposition to Turkish tyranny (General Baron Herbenstein, 1598).

Serbiani, Serviani, Rascianos, Ukcocos, Valachos, Morlachos, e di lingua Illirica, Rascianicam linguam sono l’antemurale contra Turchi della Croatia, et Ungaria (Vatican, 1621).

Croatia’s estates should thank God for the Serbs and the formation of a Serb defensive perimeter around Croatia (Imperial Court, 1650).

[The Crown] will not be party to Croat-Hungarian schemes to turn the Serbs into serfs to be exploited and oppressed in the notoriously cruel and inhumane manner of the Croatian and Hungarian serfs (1650).

Any visitor to Croatia in the pre-Illyrian period would have to believe that he was somewhere in the heart of Germany. There is no evidence, not a single solitary sign that one is in Croatia. In 1818, when Emperor visits Zagreb, the city is decorated with hundreds of welcoming flags and banners. The inscriptions are mainly in German, some in Latin and German—only one in Croatian. Hundreds of coats-of-arms are displayed; Austrian, Bavarian, Hungarian, Czech and others—only two mention Croatia (August Senoa, 1838-1881).

Seljacko plemstva plemenite turopoljske opcine . . . bio je dusom i tijelom odano madzarskoj stranci (J.Neustadter, 1848).

Su se dicila, da pripadaju madzarskom plemstvu, te bih za njih bila tada i uvreda, kad bi ih netko nazivao Hrvatima (Neustadter, 1848).

We are part Latins, part Germans, part Italians, part Hungarians, part Slavs, and, truth be told, we are altogether nothing! Mi smo malo Latini, malo Nijemci, malo Talijani, malo Magjari i malo Slaveni, a ukupno govoreci nismo bas nista! (Ivan Kukuljevic-Sakcinski, 1843).

Ja moram iskreno kazati da se nekim zanosom sjecam dana svoje mladosti. U ono doba kada je Hrvatska spavala u dubokom snu, kad je sva inteligencija jedino latinski govorila, kada je u zenskom drustvu jedini jezik bio njemacki; kad je nasa aristokracija—ponajvise plemstvo—posiljala kao u Meka i Medinu u Madjarsku da nauce madjarski i ono sve sto je bio protivno hrvatskoj i slavenskoj buducnost uopce . . . U ono doba ja sam plandvao, iz Hrvatske nisam ponio, a niti sam mogao ponijeti cuvstva narodnoga, slovjenskoga . . .

Srbi su to bili, gospodo, koji su me naucili ljubiti svoj narod, stovati plemena srodna i cijeniti slavensku ideja. Sime Milutinovic, Magarasevic, Vuk Karadzic, Josip Novic i neumrli vladia crnogorski Petar Njegus poucili su mene, sto je nas narod, sto trebada radim da u slavenskim duhu slavensko ono pleme napred dodje (Ivan Kukuljevic-Sakcinski, 1884).

If Zagreb has 85,000 residents, 50,000 should be sent to a slaughterhouse, 5,000 to the Sava River, 5,000 consumed by some all-powerful genie, and the remaining 20,00 confined to a national purgatory of sorts (Vladimir Cerina, 1914).

From Frankish times forward, Croatia was never the Croat-centered entity imagined by our patriotic historians. It was always too small to form an independent political entity and too weak to resist foreign domination . . . Instead of acknowledging the past, the Croats have created a phantom past and imaginary rights originating in nine hundred years of defeats, domination and exploitation (Miroslav Krleza, 1962).

Izmislili izraza ‘Posavska Hrvaska’ in ‘Panonska Hrvaska’ . . . izmislili neobstojeco ‘Trojedino kraljevijno’ (A.Sisko, 2008).

"King Peter Svacic" is probably an invention (S. Gudescu, 1964).

T HE ESSAYS IN Croatia 2 attempt to establish a useful and reader friendly historical context for early and mid-19 th century Croatia in social, economic, political, national, and demographic terms, with special attention to

1)    Croatia’s eight centuries long Hungarian heritage,

2)    Croatia’s multinational character,

3)    the role of Austrian, German, and other immigrants in establishing and sustaining Croatia’s social, economic and cultural infrastructure, and

4)    the decisive role of Serbs in the defense of Croatia, establishment of free communities in Croatia, preserving and fortifying Croatia’s confused and unstable Croatian heritage, and fighting for Croatia’s freedom.

Part 1 introduces the reader to important facts about Slovins in Croatia-Slavonia. Parts 2, 3, and 4 review important social, economic, demographic, political, and military moments in Croatia’s history. Part 5 examines basic moments in the formation of Ottoman and Habsburg Croatia, with especial attention to demographic changes. Part 6 focuses on early champions of the Hungarian Idea in Croatia. Part 7 reviews the character and consequences of the feudal-plantation slave system in Croatia.

Part 8 focuses on evidence that in early and mid-19th century Croatia most Croats are proud to be Hungrians by nation, language, and culture. Part 9 takes a brief look at the Croatian-Hungarian Kingdom and related mythologies. Part 10 reviews Croatia’s place in 19th century Hungary and Austria. Parts 11, 12, and 13 introduce the reader to Ludwig von Gaj. Parts 14, 15, and 16 review basic moments in the evolution of the Illyrian nation-state idea in South Slav history.

Notes n1-n6 outline basic Serb moments in the defense of Hungary, Austria, and Venice. Note n7 reviews basic moments in the crusades against heretics and schismatics in Bosnia and bordering lands and persecution of non-Catholic. Notes n8, n9, n10, and n11 relate to transformative stages in the Ottoman-Moslem moment in Bosnia and bordering lands.

1

OLD WORLD CROATIA—LOWER PANNONIA-SLAVONIA

T HERE IS NO evidence of Croats in medieval Slavonia’s antecedent, Lower Pannonia (Pannoniae Inferioris). On the other hand an unimpeachable contemporaneous source, Annales Regni Francorum (741-829 ), states loud and clear that Serbs are there in number and strength.

AD SORABOS, QUAE NATIO MAGNAM DALMATIAM PARTEM OBTINERE DICITUR

Fleeing from imperial forces, Duke Ljutevid of Lower Pannonia (Liudeviti, Ducis Pannoniae Inferioris), crosses the Sava River in 822 near its juncture with the Kupa River and takes refuge with Serbs who occupy the greater part of Dalmatia.

Liudevits Siscia civitate relicta, ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatian partem obtinere dicitur.

SAVA RIVER

The fact that after crossing the Sava, Ljutevid annexes the land of a querulous Serb duke suggests that Serb territory begins on or near the opposite bank of the Sava River.

Ex uno ex ducibus eorum a quo receptus est per dolum intfecto, civitatem eius in suam redigit dicionem.

CASTRA SRB

Though the depth and breadth of Serb settlement south of the Sava River is not certain, the existence of the medieval town and county of Srb (castra Unaz, Pocitelj, Serb, 1322; castra quator, videlicet Pochitel, Serb, 1345) suggest Serb settlement as far south as the Una River, i.e., the highlands bordering on Frank and Byzantine possessions in coastal Liburnia and Dalmatia.

ZUPAN NEMANJA

Six years after Srb is recorded in Lika, a zupan with the quintessential Serb name Nemanja is recorded in the same general area.

In 1251 a quarrel was adjudicated by the bishop of Krbava between representatives of the commune of Rab and a local zupan from the mainland opposite named Nemanja.¹

SRBSKE NAHIYE

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Ottoman administration retains the name Srb for both town and county: Srb in Srbske nahiye.²

1991 CENSUS

The unchanging Serb character of Srb is reflected in the census of 1991.

Out of a population of 5,254, 5,246 identify themselves as Serbs.

SERBINUM

It is interesting and perhaps coincidental that Ptolemy’s second century Geographike hyphegesis (Guide to Geography) records a place named Serbinum on the Sava River situated at present-day Gradiska.

SERBITIUM

Even more intriguing is evidence attesting to its existence centuries later. Serbinum is recorded as Serbitium in Anonymi Ravennatis Cosmographia, a work compiled in the 7th and 8th centuries.

NEVER CROATIA, NEVER CROATS

Tomislav Raukar, a Croat historian firmly committed to the King Tomislav and other Greater Croatia mythologies, clearly states that 1) the names Croatia and Croat are unknown in medieval Slavonia, and 2) the Croat name first appears in Slavonia in the second half of the 17th century.

Slovinja je u srednjem vijeku obuhvatala danasnju Slavoniju, Zagreb, Kordun i Banija. No golemu prostoru sjeverne Hrvatske . . . na cjelokupnom prostoru nekadasnje Slavonije, hrvatsko nacionalno ime nije se uvrijezilo i u srednjovjekovnim vrelima nije zabiljezeno. Taj je pokrajina IX stoljeca potpala pod Ugarsku . . .

U tim krajevima od XII stoljeca dolazi ime S©lavoma i, S©lavi, a nikada Croatia i Croati. Knezevi i banovi nazivaju se dux ili banus Sclavoniae, pored dux ili banus Croatiae et Dalmatiae.

Sjedinjavanje hrvatskim imenom juznih hrvatskih prokrajina se Slavonijom nastaje u drugoj polovici XVII stoljeca za Zrinskih i Frankopana, koji su i svojim posjedima od Senja do Cakovca ukljucivah hrvatski jug i sjever.³

NO PEOPLE CALLED CROATS

Putting a broader and and sharper point on the subject, Fine writes:

In large parts of what is now called Croatia, we have found no people called Croats. Sources on Slavonia . . . never mention Croats.

In the territory between the Cetina and the Neretva, where the Neretjans were active, no mention is made of Croats . . .

Nor do we find any mention of locals being Croats as we move south to Dubrovnik. Therefore it makes no sense to write histories of Croatia in the Middle Ages—if these histories cover this broad territory.

One can write a history of the Croatian state (up to 1102) if one includes in it only a small area. Since Croats are found so rarely, whether before or after 1102, any medieval history of the Croats (as a people rather than as a state) must also be confined to a very small area.

It would also be limited to a small collection of people, basically to the officially sanctioned twelve noble families of Croatia.

¹   John V.A. Fine, Jr., When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, 2005.

²   Hazim Sabanovic, Bosanski Pasaluk, 1959.

³   Hrvatsko srednjovjekovije: prostor, ljudi, ideje, 1997.

2

SLOVINS ARE CROATS ARE SLOVINS

E VEN INSPIRED AND robust Croat tribunes like Antun Radic concede the Croat moment in Slavonia is recent and superficial.

In times past, even as late as 300-400 years ago, there were no Croats in and around Zagreb, Krizevci, Sisak, Pozega etc, or, generally speaking, in Croatia.

The real Croats lived south of Mount Velebit, near the sea; around Zagreb etc, and westward, Ljubjana and beyond, and, southwards, along the Sava—they were all Slovins or Slovenes. Today they are Croats. Where are the Slovins? Did the Slovins disappear?—You be the judge . . .

When the Croat state between Velebit and the sea collapsed, the Croat bans relocated northwards and their rule was called Croatian. In this way the Slovins came to be governed by Croat bans, but, since they spoke a similar language, it was not alien to them.

Over time, little by little, the natives lost their own name and started to call themselves Croats. Today not even one peasant around Zagreb knows that he is a Slovene or Slovin; he calls himself a Croat.

U staro vrijeme, i jos pred 300 do 400 godina nije oko Zagreba, Krizevaca, Siska, Pozege itd. tj. uopce u Hrvatskoj . . . u cijeloj toj zemlji nije bilo nijednoga Hrvata; Hrvati su bili preko Velebita, blize moru, a oko Zagreba itd., pa na zapad svel preko Ljubjane i dalje dolje uz Savu—sve su to bili Slovini ili Slovenci. A danas su to Hrvati!

A gdje su Slovinci? Jesu li Slovinci propali?—Sudite, jesu li propali: kad je hrvatska vlada i drzava preko Velebita pri moru propala, preselili su se hrvatski bani, i vlada se njihova zvala hrvatska. I tako su Slovinci imali hrvatskoga bana, ali to njima nije bio tudji bana, jer su i Slovinci govorili slicno, ili posve jednako kao i Hrvati.

Ali kad imaju hrvatskoga bana i hrvatsku vladu, poceli se ljudi sve po malu prozvali Hrvatima—izgubili su svoje ime, tako da danas nijedan seljak oko Zagreba ne zna sto je to Slovenac ili Slovinac; nego kaze da je Hrvat.¹

NO TRACE

As late as the late 19th century, Radic adds, the Croat name is alien and less than complimentary to Slavonians in Slavonia.

If some twenty years ago you came to Vinkovac, and told them that you were a Croat and that they too were Croats—you would be fortunate if they only laughed and you escaped without a beating.

Such was the case not only with the upper class, it was even more so with the peasants: the Raci and Sokci—and as for Croats of some kind or another, not even a trace could be found.

Ali da ste vi jos pred 20 godina dosli . . . u Vinkovce, pa da ste rekli da ste Hrvat i da su ono ljudi tamo Hrvati—vi biste srecni bili kad bi vam se sav smijao, jer biste lako bili dobili i batina. A nije tako bilo samo medju gospodom, nego jos vise medju seljacima: i to su bili Raci i Sokci—a Hrvatima kakavim ni traga.²

RACI, SOKCI

According to an authoritative Hungarian historian, Henry Marczali, the Raci, also called Bunjevci and Sokci in Slavonia were Catholic Serbs, the Raci from Hercegovina; the Sokci from Old Bosnia.

The Sokdcz and Bunyevadcz tribes were, and are still, alienated from their Serbian kinsmen by religious differences, and though they preserved their language, the Catholic Church succeeded in winning them over to the side of the Hungarians.³

RASCIANI FIDEI CATHOLICAE

Tadija Smiciklas, a late 19th century Croat historian of Uniate Zumberak Serb ancestry, calls Slavonia’s Sokci and Raci Catholic Rascians.

Rasciani fidei Catholicae.

SLOVENE OR SLOVAKS

Even modern mythomanics of Stanko Guldescu’s hysterical caliber doubt there are any or many Croats in Slavonia prior to the 16th century.

Until the 16th century the inhabitants of the lands between the Drava and the Sava seems to have been Slovenes and Slovaks for the greater part . . . still to this day the Magyars refer to Slavonia as Totorszag in accordance with their custom of using the prefix Tot to designate Slovene and Slovak peoples and settlements . . .

On the other hand, the Magyars at no time have used the word Tot to describe Horvatorszag (Croat land) or the country of the Croats.⁴

KOLO LUNACY

Gudelscu’s concession to the historical record is all the more impressive given his compulsion to endow every aspect of Croatia’s past and present with a robust superiority. In one less than sane moment, Gudelscu’s compulsion leads to the following lunacy.

Paranthetically it might be noted that the kolo even today remains a war dance, a call to blood and race that is devoid of the sexual motivation that distinguishes most western dances.

REAL CROATIA

According to Radic and others, it is only after the Ottoman invasions, the conquest and occupation of real Croatia—between Mt. Velebit and the Adriatic coast—in the 15th and 16th centuries, that real Croats begin to take over Slavonia, and Slavonia’s western counties—Varazdin, Zagreb and Krizevci—begin morphing into Croatia.

¹   Antun Radic, 3 December 1903.

²   Antun Radic, 10 November 1904.

³   Hungary in the Eighteenth Century.

⁴   History of Medieval Croatia, 1964.

3

MORPHING INTO CROATIA

M ORPHING INTO CROATIA is a long and incomplete process. In learned circles Slovin/Sloven and Slavonia long remain the proper name for land, people, language, and church. ¹

CERKVI ZAGREBECKI SLOVENSKI

One finds slovenski, slovensko and slovenscina in the speech and writing of Zagreb’s bishop Petretic in1651.

Cerkvi zagrebecki slovenski . . . na nase pravo slovensko . . . te je slovenscina prepustila.

CONFIINIS REGNI SCLAVONIAE

In response to a request from Emperor Leopold I, bishop Petretic compiles a detailed report on the status of Serb schismatics in his Sclavoniae diocese in 1662.

Confiniis Regni Sclavoniae: Petri Petretic episcopi Zagrebiensis Historia de Valachorum in Confiniis Regni Sclavoniae episcopatus origine, progressu et effectibus.

SLOVINS, 1630

Shortly after the enactment of the Vlah Statute (Statuta Valachorum) in 1630, regulating the rights, privileges and duties of the Serb communities situated between the Drava and Sava rivers in the Varazdin Generalat (Varazdin Krajina), local landlords complain that Slovins and other serfs are moving into Serb settlements.

VOJVODA DJURAD

Vojvoda Djurad, head of the Vlahs in the Ivanic Krajina, comes to the defense of Slovins and other non-Serbs in his jurisdiction in a 1642 letter to the bishop of Zagreb.

VLASI I SLOVINCI

Evidence of a continuous movement of non-Serbs to Serb settlements in Slavonia-Croatia is found in the 1732 revision of the 1630 Statuta Valachorum that refers to both Vlahs and Slovins (Vlasi i Slovinci).

SLOVENSKI, NASIM SLOVINCIMA

In a mid-17th century work, Kriposti Ferdinanda II, baron Juraj Velikotaborski Ratkaj calls the language of Croatia, Slovenski, and the people of Croatia, Slovins.

Kajkavsko-hrvatski istorik Ratkay iz XVII veka naziva svoj zagorski jezik kajkavski jezik ‘slovenskim’ a sam narod ‘nasim Slovincima.’²

MOST NATIVE CROATS

According to modern Slovene critics of Croat mythologies, much more is necessary than occasional admissions that most native Croats in mid-19th century Croatia are actually Slovins, namely broad and deep revisions of Croat history that give what is properly Slovene to the Slovenes.

CONGREGATIO REGNI TOCIUS SCLAVONIE GENERALIS

The alleged basis for Croatia’s so-called State Rights, the enactments, Constituiones et Articuli Slavoniae, of Slavonia’s General Assembly, Congregatio Regni tocius Sclavonie generalis, has nothing to do with Croatia and everything to do with the Slovins of Slovinia.

NOT MENTIONED

Actually, Croat and Croatia are not mentioned in the enactments.

SZLOUENSKEM JEZIKU

It is also necessary, they argue, to acknowledge that important works of early ‘Croat’ literature are actually written in Slovinian, szlouenskem jeziku, by Slovinian writers, including, but not limited to, the following works.

Ivanus Pergosic’s Decretum (oni sami znaju diacki citeti, njesu nim trebe slovenske knjige . . . na slovensko preobracati), 1547; Anton Vramac’s Varazdin Chronicle (Kronika vezda znovic spravljena kratka slovenskim jezikom po D. Antolu Pope Vramece, kanoniku Zagrebeckom, 1578; Nikola Krajacevic’s Prayer Book, Molitvene knjizice v slovenskem jeziku (vsem Kristusevem Vernem Slovenskoga jezika, pristojne i hasnovite; da vnogi Slovenci ove molitve onak citu i mole, kak ti hote, poleg svoje glave), 1640; Jurij Habdelic’s Slovene dictionary: Dikcionar ili reci slovenske, 1670.

SLOVENCI, SLOVENSKI JEZIK, SLOVENSKI ORSAG, SLOVENSKO ZAGREBACKO SLOVO, SLOVENSCINA

The glossary of a 19th century Croat edition of a 16th century work falsely revises the basic national and language issues.

Slovenci—zitelji Hrvatske sjeverno od Gvozda; slovenski jezik—hrvatski (kajkavski) jezik; Slovenski orsag—Hrvatska sjeverno od Gvozda (Slovinje); Slovensko zagrebecko slovo—kajkavski knjizevni jezik zagrebackog literarnog kruga; slovenscina—hrvatski kajkavstina.

HRVATSKA SJEVERNO OD GVOZDA?

Slovenci, Andrei Sisko writes, can hardly be called natives of Croatia north of Mt. Gvozd, Hrvatska sjeverno od Gvozda, a nonexistent entity.

Slovenski jezik is kajkavian is a Slovene dialect by any name.

Slovenski orsag is Slovinje, not Croatia, i.e., Slovinje north of Mt. Gvozd.

Slovensko zagrebecko slovo is what it says it is: the Slovenian language of literary circles in Zagreb.

Slovenscina is the proper name for the Slovene dialect spoken in Croatia, a dialect locally known as Croatian kajkavian.³

ADDICTION TO POLITICAL-TERRITORIAL MYTHOLOGIES

The pursuit of good neighbor policies, Sisko writes, should not blind Slovenes to Croat addiction to political-territorial mythologies such as Posava Croatia, Pannonian Croatia, the Triune Kingdom, and other such 19th century inventions.

Izmislili izraza ‘Posavska Hrvaska’ in ‘Panonska Hrvaska’ . . . izmislili neobstojeco ‘Trojedino kraljevijno’.

DERZAVNO PRAVO HERVATA—FROM GERMANY TO MACEDONIA

It would be nothing less than fatal, Sisko warns, to ignore Croatia’s ongoing commitment to aggressive Greater Croatia mythologies that insist the so-called Slovenes are actually Alpine Croats (Alpski Hrvati); so-called Slovene lands—Carinthia, Carniola, Styria, Medjmurje, Prekomurje, the Kvarner islands and Istria—are historic Croat lands and an integral part of a Croat state stretching from Germany to Macedonia.

Zemlje, sto ih obhuvaca derzavno pravo Hervata, po historiji i po narodnosti, prostriu se: od Nemacke do Makedonije, od Dunaja do mora, a po danasnjih posebitih imenih, sledecu su: Juzna Stajerska, Koruska, Kranjska, Gorica, Istra, Hervtaska, Slavonija, Krajina, Dalmacija, Gornja Albanija, Cerna Gora, Hercegovina, Bosna, Raska, Serbia—ter ove ukupno jese jednim pravim imenom: Derzava Hervatska. Ove zemlje prostrane su preko 4000 cetvornih miljah. a stanovci im broje do 8 milionah dusah (1871).

STJEPAN RADIC

One finds the same ideas, Sisko stresses, on or immediately below the surface in Croat national ideology from Starcevic to Kvaternik to Radic to Macek to Pavelic to the present. Even the popular and allegedly ‘progressive’ leader of the Croat Peasant Party, Stjepan Radic, is an uncompromising supporter of Greater Croatia ideas and policies.

ZEMLJOVID

In an official 1923 communiqué, an attached map and commentary, Zemljovid Hrvatska i Hrvati, clearly states Radic’s [mis]understanding of Croatia’s national and territorial rights.

Slovenia, Dalmatia, Medjmurje, Prekomurje, island of Krk, Kastav [a small town some six miles northwest of Rijeka], Bosnia, Hercegovina, Backa, Banat, Baranja, Montenegro and Macedonia.

ISTRIA

One cannot help but notice that even in such frenetic moments, Radic does not dare include Istria in his Great Croatia