Giants: Men of Renown

By Denver Michaels

Denver Michaels runs down the many stories of giants around the world and testifies to the reality of their existence in the past. Chapters and subchapters on: Giants in the Bible; Extrabiblical Sources; The Book of Enoch; The Kebra Nagast; The Book of Giants; The Book of Moses; Apocryphal Texts; Mesoamerican & South American Stories; Tales from the Maya; Stories from the South Pacific; New Zealand; Hawaiian Giants; Giants of Ancient America; The Stonish Giants; Mescalero Tales; The Nahullo; Mastodons, Mammoths & Mound Builders; Pawnee Giants; The Si-Te-Cah; Tsul ‘Kalu; Native Legends: Giants or Bigfoot?; Greek Mythology; Primordial Giants; The Titans & Olympians; The Hyperboreans; European Myths; The Giants of Britain & Ireland; Norse Giants; Myths from the Indian Subcontinent; Daityas, Rakshasas, & More; Jainism: Giants & Inconceivable Lifespans; It All Goes Back to Sumer; Ullikummi; The Conquistadors Meet the Sons of Anak; Hernando de Soto; Cabeza de Vaca; Vázquez de Coronado; Other Spanish Explorers; More New World Encounters; Amerigo Vespucci and the Island of the Giants; Jean Ribault; Captain John Smith; The Bigfeet & The Long Ears; Easter Island; Ancient America: We Have it All Wrong; The Allegewi & The Adena; The Seri; Cliff-Dwelling Giants; The Giants of the Channel Islands; The Wa-gas & Ancient Giants; Putting it All Together; The Builders; Strange Tablets & Other Artifacts; Where is the Evidence?; Ancient Astronaut Theorists Say Yes!; more. Tons of illustrations with an 8-page color section.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Adventures Unlimited Press
• Release date: Sep 11, 2020
• ISBN: 9781948803298

Denver Michaels

Denver Michaels is an author with a passion for cryptozoology, the paranormal, lost civilizations, and all things unexplained. At age 42, the Virginia native released his first book People are Seeing Something—a culmination of many years of research on the lake monster phenomenon. Since then, he has gone on to write Water Monsters South of the Border and Wild & Wonderful (and Paranormal) West Virginia. Michaels is employed as an engineering technologist and works full-time. He is married with three children. In his spare time, he enjoys spending time outdoors and traveling. In addition, he continues to perform research and writing for future works.

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Introduction

A Legacy of Giants

Whereas the modern world equates myth with imaginative invention, ancient cultures used it as an instrument for recording important facts and events so they would be memorized and recalled generation after generation.

—Freddy Silva,

The Missing Lands: Uncovering Earth’s Pre-flood Civilization

It must have been around 1980 or so when my interest in the topic of giants began. I was seven or eight years old at the time, sitting in Sunday school class at a Holiness Pentecostal church deep in the mountains of southwestern Virginia. Our lesson and coloring pages that morning were from 1 Samuel 17—the David and Goliath story. Most every kid that goes to church at least semi-regularly will go over that lesson several times during their church career, and even those who do not attend church know the gist of the story.

Well now I hope y’all can see that nothin’, and I mean nothin’, is too big for God, Mrs. Fox said in her heavy Southern Mountain Speech accent with a broad, toothy smile.

At some point during the lesson, I raised my hand and asked, Sister Fox, how much is a cubit?

Honey, I don’t know. Why?

I’m tryin’ to figure out how tall Goliath was, but I don’t know how much a cubit is.

Well sweetie, I heard preachers say he was ten foot tall! I thought about that for a while until it finally hit my young mind like a freight train. Ten feet? Ten feet! As I reflected on Mrs. Fox’s response, I recalled my dad telling me that the rim to the basketball hoop out at the back end of the church parking lot was ten feet off the ground. Good grief!

Almost forty years have passed since then, and I’m still thinking about Goliath—the man who could almost stand at eye level with a basketball rim. Of course, as a boy I missed the entire point of the David and Goliath lesson. The lowly shepherd boy, empowered only by his faith in God, rose to the challenge and slew the mighty giant. That was supposed to be the big takeaway. I was meant to leave class and take that story and apply it to my own life—you know, no challenge in life is too big if I will only put my trust in God. Meh. Who cares? But a man standing as tall as a basketball hoop—that’s what I took from the story!

So, here we are.

Our Collective Fascination

The ogres and witches and giants of fairytales stand in as metaphors for those obstacles that we all face in our own lives.

—Kate Forsyth

As a people, it seems we are inherently drawn to stories of giants. Most everyone remembers the English fairy tale Jack and the Beanstalk, a story which features a tamed version of Jack. The original Jack was a renowned giant slayer in English folklore, known as Jack the Giant Killer. Parents everywhere read the G-rated Jack story to their children, and it has even been adapted for television and featured in cartoons. In the story, Jack acquires magic beans which cause an enormous stalk to grow outside his window, and he climbs the stalk and comes upon a castle high in the sky inhabited by a giant. The giant smells Jack and bellows out the famous rhyme:

Fee-fi-fo-fum!

I smell the blood of an Englishman:

Be he alive, or be he dead,

I’ll grind his bones to make bread.

As the story progresses, Jack steals gold coins and other treasure from the giant as he sleeps. However, during one of Jack’s excursions, the giant wakes up and chases him down the beanstalk. In the nick of time, Jack chops down the beanstalk before the giant reaches the ground causing him to fall to his death. I find it interesting that the giant smelled Jack and wanted to eat him. Surely the plethora of tales from around the world in which giants feast on human flesh is the inspiration for the cannibalistic trait of the giant in the fairy tale.

As mentioned, the tale of Jack and the Beanstalk is something of a sanitized, G-rated version of Jack the Giant Killer. Jack is an English hero, an archetype appearing in a number of stories and fairy tales, and the Jack the Giant Killer story is set during the reign of King Arthur. In the story, Jack becomes famous and earns the nickname Jack the Giant Killer after he kills a giant named Cormoran using a pitfall trap. Upset over Cormoran’s death, a giant cannibal named Blunderbore captured Jack and took him to an enchanted castle. Blunderbore was no match for Jack, however, as Jack hanged and stabbed the giant and his brother.

The classic book Jack the Giant Killer.

Throughout the story, Jack encounters one giant after another and puts them to the sword. Jack even beheaded Lucifer in the story and gained membership into the prestigious Round Table. It is noteworthy that Jack often employed trickery in his battles against the giants, once even tricking a two-headed giant into splitting open his own abdomen. As we shall see throughout the first part of this book, trickery is often used to defeat giants in tales all over the world.

Giants are prominently featured in English literature. In Jonathan Swift’s classic novel Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver lands on a peninsula called Brobdingnag which is inhabited by a race of giants. These people are exceedingly tall, standing as high as sixty feet and walking with ten-foot strides. Everything in Brobdingnag is large and in proportion with the giant-sized people: insects are as large as birds; rats are the size of dogs; and enormous flora grows on the island. Swift’s Brobdingnag is much like the antediluvian world of legend and the megafauna and megaflora are quite like those of the Pleistocene epoch. Gulliver himself goes on to become a giant during his travels. After a shipwreck, he is marooned on the island nation of Lilliput, and the diminutive, yet belligerent, inhabitants take him prisoner.

Gulliver himself goes on to become a giant during his travels. After a shipwreck, he is marooned on the island nation of Lilliput, and the diminutive, yet belligerent, inhabitants take him prisoner. In the first book of The Pilgrim’s Progress, the classic Christian allegory written by Englishman John Bunyan, the protagonist Christian and his travelling companion Hopeful are captured by the giant Despair and locked away in Doubting Castle. Despair and his giant wife Diffidence beat and starve the pair, but they finally manage to escape using the key of Promise.

In the second book, which chronicles the pilgrimage of Christiana, Christian’s wife, her guide to the Celestial City, Greatheart, kills giant Despair. Along the way, Greatheart slays three other giants: Maul, Grim, and Slay-Good.

Paul Bunyan, the giant lumberjack of American folklore, got his start in the oral traditions of nineteenth century logging camps. Loggers recounted his exploits by firelight after hard days of backbreaking work. Accompanied by his blue ox, Babe, Bunyan engaged in superhuman exploits. He tamed the Whistling River; Bunyan logged North Dakota, leaving it the grassy plain it is today; he dug a watering hole for his companion Babe to drink from, thus creating Lake Michigan. Today, enormous statues of Bunyan are scattered throughout the United States and are prized destinations for road trippers who enjoy having their pictures taken at offbeat locations.

The Giants of Prehistory

Cultures around the globe have always associated giants with creation myths. They represent chaos, and primordial giants are often present in the opening acts of creation. Oftentimes, giants symbolize the elements and weather. In the chapters to follow, I will recount myths featuring giants holding up the sky and giants responsible for seismic activity and calamities. With all that in mind, it is natural for giants to also be tied to a number of global flood myths, sometimes as the cause of the cataclysmic floods.

Edgar Cayce (1877–1945) was an American clairvoyant who performed readings for clients while in a sleep-like trance, earning himself the nickname of The Sleeping Prophet. Many credit Cayce as a key founder of the modern New Age movement. What concerns us here is that Cayce had a bit to say about giants in his readings, and what is more, Cayce’s giants go all the way back to Atlantis, the mythical island nation that Plato spoke of in his works Timaeus and Critias. Well before Cayce’s readings, Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (90 BCE–30 BCE) noted that the Atlanteans were twice as tall as ordinary people and lived twice as long. The notion of extreme longevity among giants will be explored throughout this book.

Edgar Cayce.

Circling back to Cayce’s teachings, he believed that thoughtforms, or souls, projected themselves into physical form in animal bodies on Earth long ago. Once in physical bodies, these thoughtforms quickly forgot their true nature and they had to reincarnate over and over until they realized their origin and true identities. Cayce said that humans began their evolution on Atlantis over 200,000 years ago and stood between ten and twelve feet tall. Dr. Greg Little, an authority on Cayce’s readings, North American burial mounds, and giants, wrote the following:

Human life, according to Cayce, resulted from thought forms (souls) that moved into the universe and projected themselves into physical form. But by so doing, the energy-based soul becomes trapped in physical matter. Cayce’s term sons and daughters of men refers to souls who had become so physical, so terrestrial as to have lost their awareness (Edgar Cayce’s Atlantis; 2006; Little, Van Auken, & Little). In losing this awareness of their true spiritual nature, the souls were destined to reincarnate into physical form until they regained their awareness of their nature and origin. The sons and daughters of men had evolved over many lifetimes and became physically smaller in size. But during this early time period, somewhere around 210,000 B.C., more thought forms projected into physical form and they initially retained some of their awareness about their true nature. These were called the sons and daughters of God because they still had a connection to their source and remained somewhat godlike. Trapped within their encasement in physical form, the daughters of men began to interbreed with the newly arriving sons of God creating creatures that were half god-like in their size and power and half human. These were referred to in the Bible as the Nephilim.1

One of Cayce’s most often-cited quotes regarding giants comes from reading 364-11:

These took on many sizes as to stature, from that as may be called the midget to the giants—for there were Giants in the earth in those days, men as tall as (what would be termed today) ten to twelve feet in stature, and in proportion—well-proportioned throughout. The ones that became the most useful were those as would be classified (or called in the present) as the ideal stature, that was of both male and female (as those separations had been begun); and the most ideal (as would be called) was Adam, who was in that period when he (Adam) appeared as FIVE-IN-ONE—See?

Another of Cayce’s readings hits on a point that will be explored throughout this book—the idea that giants represented an elite bloodline that occupied the top tier of an ancient hierarchy, especially in North America. Reading 1298-1 says:

The entity’s sojourns then were with those of a race of unusual height, unusual proportions to what might be termed in the present. For they were then the lords of the land… (Emphasis mine.)

Helena Blavatsky.

Cayce certainly wasn’t the only mystic to refer to giants in their work. The Russian-born occultist and cofounder of the Theosophical Society, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831–1891), mostly known as Madame Blavatsky, wrote of giants extensively in her work The Secret Doctrine. In her book, she described the Atlanteans as giants, and wrote of giants on another sunken landmass, this one in the Pacific, Lemuria. Additionally, pre-Tertiary giants capable of doing battle with the ancient megafauna of the day, can be found in her work:

The claim that physical man was originally a colossal pre-tertiary giant, and that he existed 18,000,000 years ago, must of course appear preposterous to admirers of, and believers in, modern learning. The whole posse comitatus of biologists will turn away from the conception of this third race Titan of the Secondary age, a being fit to fight as successfully with the then gigantic monsters of the air, sea, and land, as his forefathers—the ethereal prototype of the Atlantean—had little need to fear that which could not hurt him.

A 1908 newspaper article featured a story on the giants of our prehistory, suggesting that the size of humans is in decline and that Adam was the tallest man who ever lived. The piece discussed Madame Blavatsky’s pre-Tertiary giants:

Blavatsky not only finds evidences of the existence of giants long ago, but she believes she knows why there were giants. They were huge, a match for the colossal animals of those times, whose skeletons terrify us in our museums. And these mammoth beasts in their turn were of a size corresponding to the giant ferns and other luxurious growths of those early ages when life on the material plane was everything, and life above the physical was scarcely born.

Those were the days of brawn. There was no intellect. With the increase of brain power there has been a diminishing need for physical mass. A man with a big brain does not need a big body in order to win in the modern world. And if he has a big body without a big brain he will be a loser.

The days when there were giants were inconceivably long ago. They were before the deluge, literally. Science in its many branches testifies to the reality of the flood, and of more than one flood. It testifies that with each cataclysm came a change in the configuration of the earth’s surface. With each change has come a new and physically smaller race. We are the fifth race. Mme. Blavatsky holds that the Bamien statues were built as pictures of the changing races.2

The mystics Blavatsky and Cayce both believed that the physical stature of humankind is decreasing. As you will see throughout the pages of this book, our physical decline is recorded in many of the myths and religious texts all over the world. But maybe it isn’t necessary to go that far in looking for answers for humankind’s decrease in physical stature. Author, researcher, and star of History’s popular television show Ancient Aliens, David Hatcher Childress, offered an explanation in his book Lost Cities of North & Central America:

Mankind’s favorite sport of warfare is also the logical reason why men have been getting shorter throughout history, rather than taller, as our high school history teachers may have wrongly told us. The reason that people have been getting shorter throughout history (there were giants in those days…says the first book of Genesis) is that when one has a ritual battle (or any battle, for that matter) one will naturally place the larger men at the front, much the same as in a football game. However, since battles with deadly weapons tend to permanently eliminate a large number of participants, especially those at the front, the big guys were typically killed. Leaving only the smaller men to breed, we see how warfare makes people shorter over a period of time. The Napoleonic wars reduced the average height of Frenchmen by several inches and today the French are not well known for their stature.

Childress made a couple of great points in the preceding passage. First, the big men to the front example is true throughout history, and in chapters to follow, I will offer proof that this occurred, with a resulting decline in physical stature, especially in the Americas. The Tiremenen of Patagonia, the Seri of Mexico, the Susquehannocks of the mid-Atlantic region of the United States and the Allegewi of the Ohio River Valley (and beyond), are but a few tribes who were decimated by warfare. The height of the people of these tribes was once legendary, but wars with neighboring tribes and contact with Europeans wiped out unthinkable numbers and took a toll on their physical stature. The reputation of the enormous people of these tribes quickly faded into obscurity, and today, to suggest that there were giants among them places you outside the mainstream and on the dreaded fringe; you now become a nutjob echoing pseudoscientific claims.

Childress touched on another point that comes up again and again in this book: the idea that humans are declining in stature. This concept might be at odds with evolutionary theory, but it is perfectly in line with the myths and religious texts of the world. While the theory of evolution teaches that as a species, we are progressing and getting better, almost universally, the myths speak of golden ages and a time in which things were far different than today; we have lost much—both physically and spiritually—from those prior ages. Perhaps no other text demonstrates this better than the Bible, which I will discuss in the following chapter.

Part One:

The Myths

There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.

—Genesis 6:4

An illustration of a man with twelve fingers from Hartmann Schedel’s Nuremberg Chronicle.

1

GIANTS IN THE BIBLE

And he struck down an Egyptian who was five cubits tall. Although the Egyptian had a spear like a weaver’s rod in his hand, Benaiah went against him with a club. He snatched the spear from the Egyptian’s hand and killed him with his own spear.

—1 Chronicles 11:23 (New International Version)

I like thinking of myself as an amateur Bible scholar and have always fancied myself as being savvy when it comes to the holy scriptures (wrongly, no doubt!). I grew up in a conservative Christian home, of the Appalachian variety, and the bulk of my family and extended family would identify themselves as evangelical Christians today. As for myself, I really don’t know what the heck I believe in terms of religion. I have had many bouts of being in and out of church and have jumped around in many denominations and several non-denominational churches as well. I have been a Pentecostal several times, preferring the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), which makes sense because that is where much of my early religious teachings took place. As a kid, I spent two years of elementary school in a Holiness Pentecostal Christian academy. In my early-twenties, I spent roughly six months as a Methodist. I have an ex-wife who is Catholic, and she made me meet with a priest once. A non-denominational church worked out for a while in the early-1990s—until it didn’t. Hell, I even spent a little over a year as a Mormon convert. The two young missionaries from out west roped me in easily when our conversations turned to white Indians, red-haired mummies in Arizona, the possibility that Jesus visited the Americas and is vaguely remembered today as Quetzalcoatl, and the hidden history of the Americas.

I even answered the door for Jehovah’s Witnesses a couple of times (with the questions I was asking, they couldn’t wait to get out of my house!). These days, I don’t concern myself at all with church and religion—well, except for the annual candlelight Christmas service my wife drags me to. My religion these days is to just be honest and try my best not to be an asshole. It isn’t always easy, and I do need the creator’s grace each day. Really, my simple religion is about all I have time for; I’m too busy staring at the ceiling in the middle of the night pondering Genesis 6:4 and what is all means. Maybe if I ever get that puzzled out, I’ll borrow from the Mormon church founder Joseph Smith and prayerfully ask God which church I should join. But I doubt I’ll ever solve Genesis 6:4. Let’s look at the verse, arguably the most enigmatic passage in the entire Bible:

There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. (King James Version)

It may seem redundant, but I would like to look at several other Bible translations of the text to supply more context and clarity. When studying passages from the Bible, it is often helpful to look at several other translations, as some are much more descriptive, while others present the verses in a whole new way. This can give the reader a new appreciation for the text and the verse will often take on a deeper meaning.

In those days, and even later, there were giants on the earth who were descendants of human women and the heavenly beings. They were the great heroes and famous men of long ago.

—Good News Translation

Now at that time and for some time to come, a great warrior race lived on the earth. Whenever the sons of God would have sex with the humans’ daughters, the women bore them children who became mighty warriors. In the days of old, they became famous heroes, the kind people tell stories about!

—The Voice

The Nephilim were on the earth in those days and also later. That was when the sons of God had sexual relations with the daughters of human beings. These women gave birth to children who became famous and were the mighty warriors of long ago.

—Expanded Bible

In those days, and even afterwards, when the evil beings from the spirit world were sexually involved with human women, their children became giants, of whom so many legends are told.

—The Living Bible

For centuries, theologians have hotly debated the meaning of this passage. Undoubtedly, the argument will continue far into the future, as Christendom is not even close to a consensus on the matter. Some Bible scholars take the verse in a literal manner and others do not.

The Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary says the following about the giants in Genesis 6:4: The term in Hebrew implies not so much the idea of great stature as of reckless ferocity, impious and daring characters, who spread devastation and carnage far and wide.

Dr. Henry M. Morris (1918–2006), who was a founder of the Institute for Creation Research (a leading Young Earth Creationism think tank), said in his The Defender’s Study Bible:

These giants were the monstrous progeny of the demon-possessed men and women whose illicit activities led to God’s warning of imminent judgment… That they were also physical giants is evident from the fact that the same word is later used in connection with the giants in Canaan at the time of Joshua (Numbers 13:33) and by the fact that the word here is translated in the Septuagint by the Greek word gigantes.

The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges all but admits that everyone is just guessing about the Nephilim and giants:

It is natural to refer to Numbers 13:33, And there we saw the Nephilim (Or, giants), the sons of Anak, which come of the Nephilim; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight. The tradition that the Nephilim existed at the time of the Exodus was therefore quite strongly held. The precise meaning of the name has been lost. The passage in Numbers shews clearly that it denoted men of gigantic stature. The etymology very probably goes back to primitive times; and its origin is lost with the dialects that disappeared when the Israelites finally occupied Palestine. It was natural to connect the word with the Hebrew naphal, to fall; hence arose the renderings of Aquila, οἱ ἐπιπίπτοντες, the assailants, and of Symmachus, οἱ βιαῖοι, the violent, while among Patristic commentators the word was connected with the fallen angels. But these are merely guesses; and we must be content to leave the etymology of the Nephilim, like that of the Rephaim and the Anakim, unexplained. (Emphasis mine.)

I could continue with excerpts from conflicting Bible commentaries; you get the point, though, there’s little consensus on the meaning of the verse. That is why it is important to take the verse and look at it through the lens of other sources—stories from outside the Bible—and this is something I will be doing throughout this book starting with the next chapter. The Book of Genesis hints that the giants of old had a hand in the creator’s decision to unleash a cataclysmic flood upon the planet. The Bible does not speak much to this; however, extrabiblical sources, such as the Book of Enoch, give more insight into the matter.

After the first mention of giants, in Genesis 6:4, the author notes that the wickedness and abominations of the people called for their demise. Moreover, there is a hint—albeit a very slight clue—that angels had corrupted the human bloodline. These fallen angels, called sons of god in scripture, were not human—at least not in the traditional understanding of the word—and when they mated with human women, they produced horrible offspring: the giants. The Ante-Nicene (a period from the founding of the church until 325 CE) Fathers said this in Volume Two of their writings:

Just as with men, who have freedom of choice as to both virtue and vice (for you would not either honour the good or punish the bad, unless vice and virtue were in their own power; and some are diligent in the matters entrusted to them by you, and others faithless), so is it among the angels. Some, free agents, you will observe, such as they were created by God, continued in those things for which God had made and over which He had ordained them; but some outraged both the constitution of their nature and the government entrusted to them: namely, this ruler of matter and its various forms, and others of those who were placed about this first firmament (you know that we say nothing without witnesses, but state the things which have been declared by the prophets); these fell into impure love of virgins, and were subjugated by the flesh, and he became negligent and wicked in the management of the things entrusted to him. Of these lovers of virgins, therefore, were begotten those who are called giants. And if something has been said by the poets, too, about the giants, be not surprised at this: worldly Wisdom and divine differ as much from each other as truth and plausibility: the one is of heaven and the other of earth; and indeed, according to the prince of matter— We know we oft speak lies that look like truths.1 (Emphasis mine.)

Many believe that God unleashed the flood to cleanse the earth of this illegitimate lineage of giants. According to Reverend Joseph Benson (1749–1821), who penned his own biblical commentary, the giants of Genesis 6:4 were: Men so called partly for their high stature, but principally for their great strength and force, whereby they oppressed and tyrannized over others. For this is mentioned as another sin and cause of the flood.

The extrabiblical records in the next chapter will bring more clarity to life in the antediluvian world and the decision that God made to destroy it with a great flood, but in the final analysis, we can only view the deluge that swept over the earth as a colossal failure. If the intent was to rid the planet of wickedness and violence, the flood was not a success; these things resumed once the land was repopulated with people. If the intent of the deluge was to wipe out the giants and leave only an untainted bloodline to replenish the earth, again, the creator failed. Scripture is silent, but we are left to assume that another outbreak of fallen angels mating with human women occurred, or that some giants survived the flood, because giants walked the land after the cataclysmic event as well. In fact, the Old Testament mentions several giants by name, as well as tribes or differing races of giants. One such post-Flood giant was the mighty Philistine, Goliath.

David and Goliath

The tale of David and Goliath The tale of David and Goliath is one of the first Bible stories taught to young children in Sunday school—and the one that roped me into a lifelong study of giants. It is a timeless tale that has permeated our culture and is most often mentioned metaphorically in motivational speeches. Think about it, how many times have you heard a speaker refer to the hero David rising to the challenge and confronting the evil giant?

Sports teams playing the role of an underdog are up against a Goliath. Nothing can illustrate this better than the Miracle on Ice. In the 1980 Winter Olympics, a youthful band of American amateurs defeated the heavily-favored Soviet team—consisting of internationally experienced professionals—in a medal round game in the ice hockey tournament. Considered by many to be the greatest sports upset of all time, this truly was a David versus Goliath moment for the United States hockey team. When considering the Cold War hostilities between the United States and the Soviet Union—most Americans saw the Soviet Union as evil in those days—the victory was even more David-like.

More recently, in an upset that truly rivals—or