Searching for Genesis

By Douglas Ettinger

Follow the search for the real truth or the modern scientific version about the Genesis story in the Judeo-Christian Bible. How did the Earth and Moon form? Will the Sun, Moon, and Earth Gods keep giving us a peaceful geologic surface, tolerable weather, constant climate and stable sea level? Do we live in a pristine, unchanging solar system or one that reckons with periodic catastrophism?

A vital message about our existence is presented. How did our world and humanity begin? The mainstream, consensus words are the very abridged religious story in the Bible and the scientific story of the Big Bang with a process of randomness and evolution that miraculously defeated entropy and created star systems with life as we know it.

The author is reasonably certain that much more detail can add to these storylines, given all the evidence gathered, studied, and many times re-interpreted. Answers are given for - Why Earth and the planet-like Moon share the same orbit? How Earth gained its water and atmosphere? Why continents formed? Why a global flood occurred? And, what causes frightening worldwide catastrophes that wiped out previous advanced civilizations?

I passionately desire further awareness of humanity’s hidden histories and wondrous, but mysterious surroundings. This book is written not only for the serious scientist, but especially for technical and logical people on the fringe that are unjustly labeled as wanna-be or pseudo-scientists.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Douglas Ettinger
• Release date: Jul 25, 2020
• ISBN: 9781005214371

Douglas Ettinger

The Moon-Earth enigma has been a lifetime pursuit since the mid-80's for Doug Ettinger, born in 1944 in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania. Doug graduated from Lehigh University with a B.S. in mechanical engineering and has retired after a 22-year career in nuclear engineering. He has two sons and currently lives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with his significant other, Rhonda Smith. Some of his main interests and distractions are snow skiing, hiking, kayaking, sailing, bicycling, tennis, ballroom dancing, movies, and chess.Since posting my original journals and some subsequent editions in 2013, many new developments and ideas have occurred. Also, some power point presentations have been included to aid teachers who wish their students to sometimes think outside the present box of paradigms.Special attention was given to the Sun's sister star, currently named Nemesis, which at the time, was being hunted by space telescopes. I wanted better reasons for mass extinction events. The accepted notion of a very long period star orbiting the Sun and infrequently disturbing an imaginary Oort Cloud of comets was not believable or proven. NASA has recently revised or given-up their model. The disturbances of this star are now considered to be perturbations of the newly discovered Kuiper Belt objects. Doug slowly and cautiously became convinced that a much closer, very dim brown dwarf star orbited the Sun and intersected the orbits of the Sun's planets, causing occasional chaos. The underpinning of this idea originated with Zecharia Sitchin's book, The Twelfth Planet, that involved a planet with moons which orbited the Sun every 3600 years.Doug adapted part of his idea by making Sitchin’s intruding planet become a brown dwarf star with its own set of planets. This idea easily dovetailed into his postulation of "Earth's Metamorphosis" found in his original journal and with recent discoveries of brown and red dwarf stars. The Earth's "Great Deluge" is linked with one of Nemesis's crossings of the inner solar system, which is well dated at 11,500 years BP, at the end of the Younger Dryas geological period. This led to investigating other crossings at approximate intervals of every 3600 years in the journal "A Brief History of Mankind's Chaotic Past".Subsequently, Doug discovered the ideas formulated by a group of independent scientists called the "Electric Universe". Their concepts unbelievably corroborated his journal by indicating an electrified and magnetic brown dwarf star entered our solar system. This star, and/or its planets, for Doug’s hypothesis interacts with the Sun's planets, producing scarring and giant pitting through gigantic arc discharges that are readily observable with NASA's space probes. The "Electric Universe" also provided a convincing dialogue, via comparative mythology, that humans witnessed and recorded some of these events.After taking an Alaskan cruise and talking with the indigenous people, called the Tlingit, I learned that their very distinct tribal cedar dug-out canoe docking systems are found not only at sea level, but at locations about 200 to 250 feet above the ocean on the mountain side. The Tlingit flood tradition and this recognition triggered my next journal "The Great Deluge: Fact or Fiction?". Doug combined the ideas of other books written about the Flood, including the exclusion of some of their incongruent arguments. He added the idea that one of Nemesis's planets had a close encounter with Earth that caused many calamities, such as a huge arc of plasma discharge that destroyed the Laurentide Ice Sheet and initiated the Noah’s Flood. This similar flood tradition is undeniably found throughout the world.Connect with Doug EttingerContact me at email: [e-mail] and read other articles: http://www.EttingerJournals.comFriend me at Facebook: http://facebook.com/Star-Planetary OriginsRelated Articles by Doug Ettinger» The Enigma of the Giza Pyramids of Egypt – When and How Were these Megaliths Designed and Built (https://www.ettingerjournals.com/dbe_giza.shtml)» Corroborating Massive Solar Eruption Causing Catastrophism on Earth – Using Robert Johnson’s Model for Providing Enough Energy to Cause Tectonic Uplift Processes through Thermal Expansion and Phase Change of Rocks – (https://www.ettingerjournals.com/dbe_solar_eruptions.shtml)» A Brief History of Mankind’s Chaotic Past – Post-Paleolithic Times (20,000 Years Ago) to the Present that embraces Nemesis’ Influence and Prophecy – (https://www.ettingerjournals.com/dbe_mankind.shtml)» Ancient Sun-God Descriptions Give Proof for an Orbiting Nemesis Star – A Comparative Study of Mesopotamian and Egyptian Sun-God Depictions Referenced in an Ev Cochrane Article (https://www.ettingerjournals.com/dbe_sun_gods.shtml)» Problems with the Saturn Myth’s Polar Configuration – Replacing the Proto-Planet Saturn Idea with an Orbiting Brown Dwarf Star (https://www.ettingerjournals.com/dbe_saturn_myth.shtml)» Electron Asymmetry – What is this Asymmetry? How Does It Affect Our Universe? (https://www.ettingerjournals.com/dbe_electron_asymmetry.shtml)» Earth’s Metamorphosis (EMM) Hypothesis – The Event and Aftermath of Earth’s Collision with a Large Impactor that Changes Its Orbit, Spin Axis, and Surface Features (https://www.ettingerjournals.com/dbe_emm.shtml)

Book preview

DEDICATION

I wish to dedicate this book to conspiracy theorists, comparative myth busters, fringe archaeologists, and pseudoscientists worldwide. Without their aid, the general populations would be unaware and controlled by scientific paradigms, religious dogma, the deep-state controlled media, and regulatory regimes that bask in achieving totalitarian power. The public needs awareness coming from different sides of any issue, which is now unlikely provided by a group of people taking predictable ridicule and censor from consensus academia and governmental agencies. Without contrarians, Nazis-type systems, communist political parties, and the deep-state will gain total absolute control. The public will be at their mercy with no recourse, not realizing what happened.

Trust those who seek the truth. Doubt those who have found it. Don’t allow power to corrupt and absolute power to corrupt absolutely. Political dishonesty and corruption are now threatening our republics, economies, and way of life, with our politicians being paid-off and indebted to the Chinese Communist Party. Is the corona-virus lock-down a hoax and a way to take over the citizenry of both China and the other developed nations without a shot fired? Our current top politicians are only pursuing money and power. They have no interest in real leadership. Their spending is reckless and outrageous. People must seek a moral philosophy of truthfulness, compassion, and forbearance. For science and global communication to serve humankind, spiritual enlightenment is required. Who can and will provide this essential spiritual source in today’s world?

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Jan Pini, my commissioned artist and website consultant, requires special recognition for her work that beautifully supported my ‘Genesis-Searching’ mission. She drew either in pastels or watercolors, sixteen drawings that depict my version of Genesis. The first set of sketches show how the Earth becomes impacted to cause a mega-continent, plate tectonics, and collisional debris for the Late Heavy Bombardment of the solar system. Jan incredibly tells the story in one of her paintings of the Earth passing close to the Moon, then the third planet from the Sun, bringing debris that crashes onto its surface.

Patiently, Jan took pains to understand my account with an open mind about the end of the Younger Dryas period that led to the Great Deluge and accompanying global disasters. We discussed carefully the compositions that could best represent these terrible calamities. Her colorful, adequately detailed illustrations became both abstract and very real at the same time for me. Hopefully, my readership comes closer to understanding and supporting this Genesis, both described in the Bible and in my more scientific version. Through my brainstorming and Jan's perception, her paintings will take you back to the beginning of Earth's metamorphosis and humankind's development that is rudely interrupted by occasional catastrophes. Death and re-birth are a necessary process that must not be feared.

Investigate Jan Pini's website at janpini.com and see her passion for art and her gallery of images. Please consider ordering and collecting prints of the illustrations depicting Genesis. These prints represent a new epoch in awareness.

PREFACE

Writing this book produces a vital message about our existence. How did the universe and life begin? The mainstream words are the very abridged religious story in the Bible and the scientific story of the Big Bang with a process of randomness and evolution, miraculously defeating entropy and culminating in our known universe of today.

However, I am reasonably sure that much more can add to these storylines, given all the evidence gathered, studied, and many times re-interpreted. I have reasonable certainty how the Earth and Moon came together, how Earth gained its water and atmosphere, why the continents formed, why a global flood occurred, and what causes frightening worldwide catastrophes that wiped out previous advanced civilizations.

I was reasonably confident at one time about how star systems with their planets formed by writing the ‘Supernova Seeding’ (SNS) and ‘Collocation of Stars and Planets’ (CSP) hypotheses. I knew for certain that the currently accepted ‘nebulas hypothesis’ was not the answer. However, I am no longer that rationally satisfied with my conclusions since learning about the possibilities of z-pinches causing stars in the electrical circuitry of the galaxy. Also, there is a real probability of the fusion of large quantities of elements generated in the extremely hot coronas of stars instead of their cores. Moreover, a binary process of creating planets from stars and satellites from planets is now almost tenable by me, although my own hypotheses still may present some reality. Unlike many scientists who have a definite ax to grind, I allow some flexibility for changing my stated assertions. Nevertheless, my search for genesis becomes revealed and is still ongoing.

This book is written chiefly for scientists slightly on the fringe, historians interested in how science develops, and students testing their knowledge of astrophysics. But if you are deeply intrigued about our beginnings, then you may enjoy, regardless, a partial read. I confess that the book is not a peer-reviewed scientific journal, but more like an autobiographical sketch of a real, but almost fictional person trying to become a wanna-be scientist. I desire further awareness of humanity’s hidden histories and wondrous, but mysterious surroundings. Especially, wanna-be scientists and pseudoscientists worldwide should be interested in this book.

A—ASKING QUESTIONS ABOUT GENESIS

Searching for Genesis is an earnest attempt to reveal the real truth or the modern scientific version about the Genesis story in the Judeo-Christian Bible. Islam’s Quran refers to a similar creation story but not in any great detail. This story presumably told by God or the Gods and given to man in some fashion recounts the creation of the solar system, Earth, and humankind in the primeval history part and the ancestral history in the second part, which includes Noah’s flood. The story becomes an integral part of religion, and questioning is not allowed for the true followers of the Almighty God. However, I will ask many questions and try to answer them with scientific reasoning and man’s historical record. I may be risking God’s wrath, but, hopefully, my searching is ignored, scorned, laughed at, or received with a smile like observing an inquisitive child. The hand of God does reach down and touch those with open minds. My unbelievable story is now permitted to be released. I was paid off and given a gag order. Please remember that this book is listed as nonfiction, although possibly having some fictional parts set aside. You be the judge.

I post my first question of many in the following succeeding adventures. Is there more than one God involved in Genesis? In the Book of Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament of the Hebrew Bible, man corrupts the world, and the God(s) decide to destroy him and his creation for his sins. Why is the plural of God retained in the Biblical story? This plurality must be significant in that past Biblical writers did not try to hide this contradiction from the strict, required church preaching of monotheism. I leave the question open for inquiry and shall use ‘Gors’ in this text when referring to ‘God or Gods?’ After reading this book, you may wish to consider Gors. The Gors will not punish you. Trust me. Or don’t trust me, but please do not be afraid.

Here is another question. In the Book of Genesis, what is meant by the statement that ‘man is made in God’s image’? Did the Gors make us look like and act like them? In the Noah story, the Gors were upset because their Sons fooled around with human women. No matter who you are, there will always be parental challenges. Also, it seems like this event is a type of racial cleansing. Currently, we design robots or artificial intelligence (AI’s) to act and perform like us. Perhaps the Gors created us to be their servants, too. Then as an after-thought, they made women so that humans could be re-produced naturally and automatically, a reasonable process of normal husbandry. When the Gors gave humankind consciousness, and the knowledge of good and evil, everything went awry. Humans ceased to be normal animals. These human AI’s went out-of-control and had to be dealt with strongly. Hence, an excuse for Noah’s world-wide flood was proposed in the Genesis story by the Gors. However, from my research, the flood was an act of fate that could not be initiated or controlled by the Gors, as you will learn when reading on. You will read in this book; natural calamities and celestial disturbances caused the great flood. The Gors’s storyline for humans is meant probably to furnish fear to control the flood’s survivors and maintain their dominance since the infrastructure was seriously wiped out or weakened.

Modern man, although strongly religious, accepts the Genesis stories as myth and legend handed down from generation to generation produced in the 5th or 6th century BC in written form. Surprisingly, today’s scientists are strongly influenced by the paradigm that these creation stories, strangely similar to ancient traditions throughout the world, are indeed myths. The coincidental similarities of these creation myths unconnected to the Hebrew Old Testament are strong evidence that these stories are NOT myths. My book will search for the real Genesis and its scientific truths. I believe in a Creator Being, but I wish for you to suspend dis-belief about the Gors until you finish reading this book. Thank you.

As a young child, I uncovered the Noah flood story in my Christian upbringing. Not much thought was given this story until much later when I received training in college in the fields of physics, astronomy, planetary science, and space exploration. One day at my workplace during lunchtime, I entertained the question as to where the water came to produce the Noachian global flood that may have covered the entire Earth. To my surprise, some of my colleagues claimed to know, but would not tell me. One of these people served in the nuclear submarine navy and uncovered unusual reading materials during long underwater missions inside the submarine. Being very open-minded, this nuclear submarine driver, as he called himself, referred me to a certain book written by Zecharia Sitchin. I demanded to know the simple reason of the flood’s water source without reading the book. But he and other people at the lunch table insisted that I read the book. Fortunately, he had a paperback copy which he loaned to me the next day. The answer could not be easily found by leafing through the book. I had to read the entire book, The Twelfth Planet, by Zecharia Sitchin.

I wondered how many other people like me questioned the source of the water. Probably, if they believed in this Noah story, thought God’s omnipotent qualities as the source. But then after the flood, where did the water drain? Trusting in science convinces me that I knew that the atmosphere, if it completely condensed all its water vapor could only raise sea level by a few inches. Sitchin’s book revealed that celestial disturbances caused the Antarctic ice sheet to slide into the ocean and raise sea level similar to someone placing ice cubes into a glass of water and watching the water rise. Melting ice already in a glass of water will not raise the level, which is similar to the Arctic Ice Sheet that floats on the ocean. Melting and refreezing seasonally does not result in any significant sea-level rise. Wow! The answer for a water source from ice sheets moving off a landmass seems reasonable.

When I looked up the equivalent sea-level rise if all the current ice sheets on land melted, principally Greenland and Antarctica, the oceans would rise only about 213 feet. Then I realized that one of my paradigms must change. The entire Earth’s surface was never covered. Only the lower elevations would be dramatically covered. Of course, this would create destruction and convulsions with the majority of humankind and the Gors, who most likely lived near lower elevations by seashores, river deltas, and at seaports.

Furthermore, I had good reason to believe why many races of humans and many land animal species survived. They either lived at higher elevations or fled there or quickly used floating craft to save themselves like Noah. Probably the Noah story with the Ark was metaphoric and embellished. The Gors who warned Noah probably gave him instructions to save the many domesticated animals and plants that sustained and fed the Gors and humans. The story suddenly becomes less mythical and more realistic.

But now, almost immediately, more questions flooded into my brain. How did the Gors know enough ahead of time that this natural calamity would occur?

The Gors obviously knew about advanced astronomical and planetary knowledge similar to our space explorers of today and could detect and track celestial intruders. What was the celestial disturbance that caused the ice sheets to slip off the land mass? What forces caused the pull or push of the ice sheet? How could the atmosphere produce rain for 40 days and nights? Finding answers to these questions would start me on my adventure to seek the real genesis. I wanted more answers and evidence.

B—SITCHIN’S TRANSLATIONS

My interest in various scientific topics increased exponentially. At first, I did not take the history presented in The Twelfth Planet very seriously. Sitchin is an expert in the ancient languages of the Middle East, and his translations gave him knowledge for writing his book. He made unbelievable claims that ancient astronauts settled on this planet about 400,000 thousand years ago. They came from another planet that orbited the Sun every 3600 years. They mined precious, rare metals on Earth that were shipped back to their home planet when it came close during each orbital cycle. They created various designs of humans (races) to become their servants by using the combination of DNAs from their bodies and the primitive primates on Earth. These advanced beings also presented a history that was in alignment with the genesis stories of primeval creation and Noah’s flood found in the Judeo-Christian Bible. Sitchin claimed that the Hebrew Genesis came from a more detailed story handed down from the Sumerians around 4000 BC who, in turn, received the story many millennia ago from the Gors. This Sumerian epic also accounted for the creation of such mysterious systems as the Main Belt of asteroids and the synchronicity of the Earth/Moon orbits. As explained by Sitchin, a major collision occurred between a celestial intruder, part of the Gors’ home planet’s system, and the Earth in the Sun’s planetary system millions of years ago. This ancient intercourse caused the exchange of primitive living cells that dispersed the same DNA code to both the Gors’ planet and Earth. Completely preposterous, as I immediately perceived, due to questions that were impossible to answer at that time. A list of some of these crazy questions follows:

How could the Gors’ home planet receive enough heat and light energy to sustain them in a manner that is similar to what occurs on Earth, which is a constant orbital distance from the Sun? The Gors’ planet is required to follow an elongated elliptical orbit to achieve a 3600-year orbital period that is too far away the majority of time to receive the Sun’s protection of radiant heat and light.

How can this orbiting planet not have close encounters or collisions or non-reversible perturbances as it comes toward its orbital apsis inside the inner solar system, thereby causing frequent catastrophes? What happened to this advanced civilization on Earth and these ancient astronauts? What happened to their planet?

Amazingly, I addressed this inquiry during subsequent years in my quest for the true genesis. For the faithful believers of God, these considerations are extremely upsetting and dismissed as fanciful. Of course, a loving God(s) may be just as inventive.

Even though Sitchin’s translation was impossible to embrace completely, he gave answers, surprisingly to astronomical mysteries, that the scientific community had no answers or they were currently studying. Sitchin’s book was criticized and relegated to the occult section of book stores and libraries, inferring to everybody he was a nutcase. His ideas were taboo for both academia and religious believers. His translations were difficult to debunk because only a few hundred people had the expertise of knowing the Hebrew, cuneiform, and ancient hieroglyphic languages and the time to sift through hundreds of clay tablets and baked ceramic scrolls found throughout Middle Eastern and European museums. Many years later, as he became more popular and better known, a few language experts officially debunked him, but only about specific words and phrases. He never became debunked about his translated global content. I would eventually use his ideas to support my reasoning for the Asteroid Belt, the Moon enigma, source of Earth’s atmosphere, age of the oldest rocks on Earth, geological hot spots, plate tectonics, and continental drift among other topics in the planetary and astronomical fields.

C—THE MOON AS A PLANET ACCORDING TO ASIMOV

The real clincher for me in making the Genesis mission my life’s calling was reading Isaac Asimov’s book, Asimov on Astronomy. Asimov provided compelling evidence that the Moon is a planet and not a natural satellite of Earth. For his testimony, Newton’s law of gravitation became imposed on all the planets and major satellites. Asimov compared gravitational force between each satellite and parent planet to the force between each satellite and the Sun. Then a ‘tug-of-war ratio’ as Asimov called it, was calculated. These ratios of significant satellites were in the range of 30 to over 20,000. The tug-of-war ratio for the Moon and Earth is only 0.46, which meant the Sun’s gravitational force on the Moon is over twice as much as the Earth. His second claim is that the Moon’s orbit is everywhere concave toward the Sun. All other satellites ‘fall’ away from the Sun through part of their orbits, caught by the superior pull of their parent planet. I could not believe his statement until I drew to scale chords of both the Moon and Earth trajectories covering one month. Hocus-pocus, the concave orbit of the Moon about the Sun, magically appeared. Another paradigm of mine about the Moon orbiting the Earth became erased. This type of bared fact was a fantastic revelation never taught in my college astronomy course. The Moon weaves in and out in three dimensions along Earth’s trajectory.

Miraculously for me, Sitchin’s and Asimov’s hypotheses aligned with each other convincing me Sitchin possessed an important clue for why the Moon and Earth are both planets sharing the same orbit. Intersecting hypotheses came from ancient languages that were older than 4000 BC, and from a modern-day scientist using Newton’s law of gravitation. It would still take me considerable time to develop my hypothesis for solving the Moon enigma. How did a planetary collision in the Asteroid Belt region of the solar system described by Sitchin cause the Earth/Moon system? This question would start my journey to develop the Earth’s Metamorphosis Hypothesis.

D—NASA’S SEARCH FOR GENESIS

Little did I know at the same time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was trying to develop their hypothesis or model by collecting and studying data from their Apollo Missions to the Moon. Their solution was divided into four possible processes for planet Earth to capture or birth a satellite like the Moon. The processes are listed:

The Capture Method – a body has a close encounter with another, and their gravity fields cause the more massive one to capture the other. However, calculus proves there is never enough time for the gravitational fields to interact before one passes and forms either a hyperbolic or parabolic trajectory for the smaller body that never returns. Even a possible dusty region of space is not enough to slow down the smaller passing body.

Not known at this time was the existence of Kuiper Belt Objects (KBO’s) or minor planets. Hence, NASA also ruled out the normal capture mode from interstellar space as being highly improbable. The closest source of such a rogue body is the neighboring star system to the Sun, which is four light-years away. That distance is comparable to two grains of sand located at either end of a football field. There is little probability of these two grains of sand ever meeting in a windstorm or by any other process.

The Binary Method – the larger parent body for some unknown reason, spits outward a smaller body that never attains escape velocity but enough velocity for the satellite to achieve a permanent orbit. Under normal conditions, the satellite ejects from the equatorial region where the most significant centripetal forces exist. The major satellites of the outer planets display a common orbital plane and direction – the plane closely aligns with the parent planet’s equator. The Moon ejected similarly from Earth, is ruled out. The Moon is too large, too far away with too much angular momentum, and not in the equatorial plane of the Earth. The required energy to launch a Moon-size body would destroy the parent body.

The Fission Model - the fission model forms by the partial separation of a planet’s molten crust. The Pacific Ocean basin became the proposed crustal separation specifically for Earth. At the time of its acceptance during the Apollo era in 1969, the model of plate tectonics and mid-ocean ridges was still not a consensus hypothesis. A rapidly spinning viscous body that is required was discovered not to be dynamically possible, and its required speed of 2.5 hours per revolution could not possibly slow Earth to a 24-hour day rotation in 4 billion years.

The Collision Model (currently accepted) – a smaller body crashes into or glances a larger body creating ejected debris and a partially intact body to be launched into orbit and eventually coalesce into one body. The current collision model of the 1980s had the main objective of explaining the similarity in the density of the Earth’s mantle and the Moon’s density. Their common origin should also explain the similarity in oxygen isotopes found in their crusts. A strong selling point of this model is a computer simulation of a proto-moon impact with Earth producing a desirable outcome of an accreted Moon. However, this simulation requires a rapid spin rate of the Earth to achieve adequate slow-down and enough angular momentum for the orbiting Moon. This fast spin rate has the same problems as were mentioned for the fission model. Another issue with this model is that the Moon rocks did not show signs of vaporization in its chemistry. Vaporization of materials in such a collision requires temperatures above 1200 K, but no lunar material was ever found subjected to these temperatures. Also, the recently discovered youthful oceanic crust of the Pacific Ocean did not lend any support to the required much older age of this impact event.

The Earth’s Metamorphosis (EMM) Hypothesis eventually developed and told in this book provides the resolution of most issues that NASA has with its model. The EMM model would involve the combination of both a collision and a capture mode, which agrees with the differences of isotopes, different material ratios, and rock dating discovered on the Moon. Before developing the EMM model, I need to discuss other preceding scientific excursions in finding my way.

E—THE ‘GRAVITATOR’ PROGRAM

I discovered a computer program that simulated star systems that are designed and tracked. My obsession with creating star and planetary systems became initiated. The program calculated the vector forces of each body, combining the effect of the other bodies using gravitational forces developed from Newton’s law of gravitation: F=GmM/r². The limitation of the program was its speed in creating countless, repetitious calculations for long periods. The Sun’s planetary system supposedly created 4.6 billion years ago could not be created practically over any span involving billions of years. However, smaller orders over much less time could be analyzed if one selected a broader span for each set of calculations and a shorter time for the entire collection. Choosing the span of each set of calculations over hours, days, weeks, or months to achieve better accuracy was not possible. The program is a mere toy compared to what NASA can achieve with predicting trajectories of celestial bodies and their space probes even back in the 1980s. Regardless, it was fun to act like the Creator and throw stars, planets, and satellites into the sandbox and watch what happens.

Examples of experimenting with unusual star and solar system simulations follow:

Create a close encounter of just thousands of miles between the Moon and a rogue body (minor planet or asteroid) with the Earth and Sun included.

Create various sizes of star pairs and start them in different vectors and distances apart. One such construction is to have the smaller star be launched perpendicularly near the surface of the other star, thus causing a binary pair.

Experiment with the largest possible distance, mass, and velocity combination that could create a capture mode for a rogue planet by adding the Sun and four outer planets.

Of particular interest, was setting the starting points for generating a rogue planet with a specific velocity vector that strikes a proposed, existing planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter.

Experiment with vector directions of a planet being redirected toward the Sun from its orbit between Mars and Jupiter after a predicted collision changes its orbit. Include the Sun, Jupiter, Mars, and a proposed Moon orbiting the Sun like a planet.

As you see, the fun of creating anomalous conditions in our known solar system is endless. And ideas for my EMM hypothesis were started. These games are very instructive in seeing how the law of gravitation and Newton’s other laws act on the known planetary system, including our Earth.

Another experiment was introducing the Sun while setting some of the outer planets into excessive elliptical orbits and watch the chaos. I learned that, if enough perturbances create forces between the planets and the Sun causing an off-balance, the orbits will quickly cross each other, increasing elongations of the ellipses, and cause ejections from the system.

I learned much later from the corroboration of this experiment that NASA’s super-fast computer programs simulating the gravity forces created by the orbiting planets did create chaos over long enough time spans that were well within the age of the solar system. What was wrong? Perhaps gravity is not the only force in the universe that acts over long distances and times. Another paradigm of mine became quashed. The planetary orbital characteristics are kept fairly constant over millions of years, allowing us to evolve and survive, by another force. Gravity is only a minor player in holding together our precious solar system and the universe. Electromagnetic forces play the major role, which is learned later in my quest for genesis. NASA currently believes that the theory of gravity is the only answer and has invented black holes, neutron stars, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy to prop-up their mysterious, unexplainable observations. However, I sense that electromagnetic forces hold together the galaxies, the stars to the galaxies, the planets to the stars, the satellites to their planets, particles to their atoms, atoms to molecules, and molecules to minerals, and create the fusion process to evolve the elements of the chemical periodical table. Be patient and keep reading and perhaps begin to erase, too, some of your cherished personal paradigms about gravity.

I helped my one son in high school with his science fair project by introducing this ‘Gravitator’ computer program that creates stellar systems or modifies the starting conditions of solar system bodies. The program is run for a given amount of time to determine the end conditions. My son created capture and collision modes within our simulated solar system. As I hoped, my son's project went to a higher level of competition at the state university. The judge, a groomed and well-meaning scientist with a military career, explained that my son’s criteria for collisions and capture modes were invalid because the two-body problem and calculus can prove otherwise. My son did not know how to defend his position by explaining the limitations of the two-body problem. Hardly, any gravitational scenario in our solar system is a two-body problem. The Sun and many of its planets have more than one body; several bodies taken together will all affect each other. Other factors such as belts of asteroids, planetary magnetospheres, and the solar wind can easily invalidate the two-body problem of two distinct, unadulterated gravitational fields affecting each other. Several months later, a comet broke up and crashed into Jupiter for everybody to see. This unbelievable, unfolding scenario was exactly the impetus that finally launched me into solving the Moon enigma, a significant stepping stone on my quest for the true genesis.

Another interesting fact of NASA’s space probe exploration is included at this moment. Their computer systems run very accurate gravity simulations to guide and achieve the planned destinations of space probes traveling to far-away planets and moons. The probes’ planned destinations were close but never attained. However, all these space probes were outfitted with retrorockets for various purposes, but most importantly, for re-positioning at the right distance and correct orbital trajectory. NASA rarely mentions these destination errors. Hidden forces are at work that NASA still does not understand or even recognize. Gravity is not the only actor on the space-probe gameboard. NASA luckily achieves its goals but should be asking more questions about why their theories do not perfectly work.

F—STUMBLING BLOCKS ENCOUNTERED TO EXPLAIN THE SITCHIN IMPACT

I begin my first paper about the new Genesis by determining the details of a rogue body striking Earth and the aftermath of this collision.

1. The most immediate hurdle was overcoming the thought that such an envisioned celestial impact would utterly destroy each body by smashing and scattering them into small pieces with little chance of re-coalescing. The kinetic energy involved is unimaginable.

2. The next hurdle that Sitchin did not clearly explain is how the Earth-orbiting between Mars and Jupiter finds a new orbit and captures the Moon. Answering the second hurdle helps to solve the first hurdle.

At first, I had a difficult time convincing myself that the Earth did not smash to pieces. My first evidence for supporting the Sitchin impact came from the data collected for the Main Belt of Asteroids. The belt of orbiting debris contains millions of asteroids, according to NASA, which are relatively small, from the size of boulders to a few thousand feet in diameter. But some are significantly larger. People wonder whether the belt makes up the remains of a destroyed planet or a world that didn't quite get started. According to NASA, the total mass of the belt is much less than the mass of one Moon, which is far too small to weigh in as a major planet. Instead, the debris thought to be shepherded by Jupiter, keeps it from coalescing into other planets. At least, a weak, perhaps, a wrong answer is given for the belt’s origin by NASA. It cannot be proven.

When the asteroids are studied up close by space probes, they are rocky debris and not the hypothetical composition of space dust required by the nebular hypothesis for solar system formation. These bodies are debris from the impact of two hard bodies with surfaces similar to the inner terrestrial planets. Asteroids in the Main Belt are made mostly of rock and stone, but a small portion of them contain iron and nickel metals. The remaining asteroids are composed of a mixture of these, along with carbon-rich materials. Some of the more distant asteroids tend to contain more ices. Although they aren't large enough to maintain an atmosphere, there is evidence that some asteroids contain water. A possible scenario is an impactor penetrating the crust and mining iron that becomes ejected along with the rocky crust having already differentiated water. Two exceptions to this debris-strewn torus between Mars and Jupiter are Ceres and Vesta that have spherical bodies. These rocky bodies are now called minor planets. If there was a collision a few billion years ago, possibly other bodies or satellites, as Sitchin explains, were involved. Possibly these minor planets were satellites that were left behind to remain orbiting with the debris. The good news from NASA is that the total estimated mass does not equal the mass of our Moon. So, what happened to the planet? Sitchin addresses this problem by stating it was knocked into its existing orbit with some of the collisional debris to become Earth. Sitchin lacked an explanation about how the Moon and Earth came together. This clarification would become my job.

But how could the Earth survive this impact? I joined an Astronomy Forum where the public can ask questions with trained astronomers and astrophysicists. The people who I came to know worked for the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) and were tracking Near Earth Objects (NEO’s) under contract by NASA. They were very knowledgeable, helpful, and courteous. After describing the type of impact and estimating the sizes and velocities of the bodies, they were all thoroughly convinced that these objects would become utterly destroyed. These experts’ depth of knowledge is based mostly on rocky asteroids. I was depressed but decided to pursue this quest by studying my mechanical engineering texts about impacts because planets are not just solid rocks. Sitchin and other people theorized that the asteroids were the result of a planetary impact and that by Sitchin’s reckoning, the planet was Earth. Yes, the planet’s mass had to go somewhere.

The coefficient of restitution can characterize these impacts. The coefficient of e=1 produces a perfectly elastic impact where the two bodies bounce away from each other like billiard balls. The coefficient of e=0 gives a perfectly plastic or inelastic collision like a thrown icy snowball into a snowman. In a non-perfect world, the coefficient of restitution ranges from zero to one. Then an amazing idea suddenly appeared. This coefficient of restitution can be used in the relationship with the conservation of both energy and momentum. In a two-dimensional collision, the two key principles are conservation of kinetic energy if the collision is either perfectly elastic or perfectly inelastic, and the conservation of (linear) momentum. A third equation derives (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_restitution) from these two, which is the coefficient-of-restitution equation. Any two of the three equations solve my problem. The advantage of using the restitution equation is that it sometimes provides a more convenient way to approach the problem. If either e=1 or e=0 is applied, the determination of unknown values is made easy. I was going to assume e=0 where a very hard icy rogue minor-type planet smashes through a crust and penetrates a more massive softer molten planet creating some dispersed debris but mostly absorbed into the planet’s body. The resulting crater would be huge and spread over the crust; any rim would slump and create a general leveling of a raised material above the original, perhaps oceanic crust.

Bingo! If I can estimate the masses and velocity vectors, I can also determine kinetic energies expended that results in linear momentum. I could choose the final velocity vector of the gorged planet as moving inward toward the Sun, which is required. The resulting Earth planet needs to fall toward the Sun so that it can pass the Martian orbit and create another orbit. A big assumption is that the debris from the collision is a small fraction of the overall masses involved. I wanted the planet to survive, so I imagined the rogue impactor was like an icy snowball impacting and penetrating a snowman or very molten planet to buffer the kinetic energy.

Suddenly, my impact conundrum expands to include the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) period from about 4.5 to 3.8 billion years ago, which is the accepted theory stated by NASA - failed planets and smaller asteroids slam into larger worlds, scarring their surfaces. Near the end of the violence, during a period labeled as the Late Heavy Bombardment, impacts in the solar system increased and then returned to normal frequency. NASA needs to address the scarring of planetary and satellite faces observed from space telescopes and space probes. Another hypothesis came later called the Nice Theory, where the outer planets moved outward to perturb Kuiper Belt Objects (KBO’s), causing them to move inward and create heavy bombardments. Of course, I knew better. The LHB was caused by the Sitchin impact that not only created the Main Belt of Asteroids but spread asteroids into other parts of the solar system to cause further collisions and more space debris. The important piece of information carried away by me was the time of occurrence during the very early formation of the solar system estimated at an initial age of 4.6 billion years ago. I then presumed that a binary mode occurred where the Sun launched both large and small bodies to produce the solar system. The other version of solar system formation might also have occurred, which is the supernova seeding process or the SNS hypothesis presented later in this book. At this early stage, I predicted that the planets are very young, still very molten, and soft. Their early crusts were thinner, and the mantles were less viscous, and lighter volatiles were still percolating to the surface. This combination can better absorb the impact of a rogue body if it is smaller and harder like an icy ball. Most likely smaller bodies quickly froze because of much less first heat. And, such icy balls did exist like the moons of Jupiter and Saturn and the Kuiper Belt objects. I eventually used Jupiter’s moon, Ganymede, for giving me the characteristics of a model rogue impactor that had mostly frozen ices with a small iron core.

I was very close to developing my impact model. I needed a velocity vector for my rogue planet. A problem immediately surfaced. This rogue not only requires a velocity close to that of Mercury but required a retrograde direction close to the plane of the ecliptic to change the planet’s linear momentum by directing it inward toward the Sun and be closely aligned with the plane of the Moon’s orbit. Other bodies in the solar system are in unusual retrograde orbits, but I initially questioned its source. Perhaps this rogue was part of the planetary system of the Gors’ home planet that was captured very early in a retrograde orbit during the formation of the solar system. I admit these assumptions were a big stretch, but I plodded onward. The solution to many mysteries hopefully occurs with proposed plausible assumptions similar to a plane geometry problem in high school.

1—TILTING AND EXPANSION OF EARTH

Another problem arose. I need to account for a greater expenditure of kinetic energy of the impact. If I chose that the impact occurred at a middle latitude, then the planet’s axis can be possibly tilted. Currently, there is no answer in astrophysics for any planetary spin axis tilts except for possible collisions like the one I proposed. The bonus for the tilt was expending more kinetic energy. Still, more energy dissipation was required. Then I realized that the impactor not only must disperse debris into space but must also penetrate the crust and mantle and push it outward, expanding and cracking any hardened crust that had already developed. This accounting of energies probably and hopefully should now account for enough energy to disperse the immense kinetic energy developed by the collision.

In trying to account for these energy expenditures, more bonuses came forward. I began realizing that I had the reasons for plate tectonics and continental drift. Also, NASA reported that Earth was the only celestial body in the solar system that had consistently raised surfaces that covered a large fraction. Mars has some portion of a raised surface, but not to the extent and depth as Earth when the average continental elevations compare with the average level of oceanic crust.

I saw many possibilities. The pre-collisional planet had already developed a fairly strong crust with volatiles such as water coming to the surface and through convection helped cool the mantle’s surface to form a rocky, silicate crust. When the very volatile rogue body penetrated the planet’s surface, a huge crater oozed out a mixture of the planet’s basaltic mantle materials and volatile materials from the impactor forming the first mega-continent on Earth. The continental materials because they mixed with the rogue’s volatile materials such as water and CO2 created a granitic crust that is still unexplained by consensus science. Because the existing crust had to expand to accept more material within its envelop, major cracking occurred in numerous places to create tectonic faulting and expanding rifts worldwide. The initial surge of light volatiles immediately differentiated with the Earth’s mantle and was expelled through volcanoes and rifts to produce the lithosphere of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and more water. The added water inventories would eventually cool the surface once again and add to the existing oceans. The CO2 would chemically return to the oceans and surface rocks to produce carbonates. The oxygen and nitrogen would become the atmosphere for breathing plants and animals. All these life-giving materials coming from the rogue impactor’s ices of NO, NO2, CO2, CH4, H2O, and NH3 became mostly reduced to their component elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. The methane would end up trapped under the old and newly developing crusts in various reservoirs of both liquid and gas phases to be later tapped by humankind as basic fuels.

2—DISCOVERING A BETTER HYPOTHESIS

A curtain suddenly opened and revealed the stage for a new hypothesis supporting a new genesis for the Earth-Moon system. Both a significant collision and a capture mode proposes bringing these two bodies together after the pristine solar system forms. The currently accepted idea is that a rogue planet (Impactor) the size of Mars, struck a glancing blow on the young, fast spinning Earth. Then the smashed planet was launched into an orbit around the Earth with the collision ejecta eventually being accreted by the remaining debris of the smashed rogue planet to form the newly captured satellite. The affected Earth’s spin had to be unreasonably very fast to achieve the Moon’s angular momentum. The new hypothesis of this paper proposes a quite different scenario, which better explains the data collected by the Apollo Missions, space probes, and space telescopes. And, there is no need to unreasonably spin-up the Earth’s rotation.

Knowing a better hypothesis does lead to answers of mysteries about the Earth’s composition, atmosphere, and geology. The new Earth-Moon genesis follows. A rogue planet or satellite strikes the Earth in its first orbital location and creates the Earth-Moon system. The Sun’s orbiting planets have already evolved in a nearly level plane going in one direction in nearly concentric circles around the star. The star is already fusing hydrogen, and the proto-star disk evacuation of gases and dust occurs. This collision occurs in an almost pristine, young star system just beginning to enter the Main Sequence of stars with its yet undisturbed nine planets. The planets are probably not finished creating their major satellites.

The nine planets starting at the closest orbit to the Sun are Mercury, Venus, Moon, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Plutonian or minor planets beyond Neptune are not counted because of their small size, their more elliptical and non-coplanar orbits. These Kuiper Belt Objects (KBO’s) are mysterious, possibly captured from interstellar space debris. We can only guess at their extent and spacing. The original Earth had an orbital distance that approximates the center of the Asteroid Belt of about 2.7 AU. A major collision knocked the Earth inward along the plane of the planetary orbits toward the Sun. Its trajectory caused it to align with the same orbit as the Moon’s orbit about one AU from the Sun. The nature of the trajectory eventually created synchronized orbits for the Earth and Moon favoring the smaller Moon orbiting around the more massive Earth. Credibly, the Moon moves in a wavelike pattern as it travels with the Earth in their orbits. The Moon orbits the Earth only from an observer’s perspective on this planet; otherwise, it moves in a wavelike fashion around the Sun being held in place mostly by the Sun’s gravity.

Other telltale evidence of the collision is the existing Asteroid Main Belt with its smaller bodies that appear to be the break-up of an existing rocky body or the debris created by the proposed collision. According to the Titus-Bode Rule, a planet should exist in this orbit, but only the asteroids reside here that have a combined mass, much less than a typical smaller outer-planet satellite. And, then why did not the asteroids accrete to become a single body like the other rocky inner planets? These rocky bodies had some 4.6 billion years to do so since some of the oldest rocks in the solar system are meteorites, which are fallen asteroids. A feeble answer by NASA is that Jupiter’s strong gravity field and resonance prevents them from accreting, but modeling is not conclusive. However, there is a working model that predicts the two groupings of Trojan asteroids that were gathered in Jupiter’s orbit and are about 120 degrees apart in their orbit around Jupiter. These asteroids were also created during the collision and were flung outward in Jupiter’s direction.

This book proposes that any collisional debris that occurs after the formation of the pristine solar system remains as scattered, broken debris unless: some debris is originally flung too close to larger bodies and falls to its surface, or some of this debris remains in the orbit where the collision occurred, or some debris flings outward to become the Trojan asteroid groupings, or some are flung inwardly following the Earth’s new trajectory and end up either falling back to Earth or impacting its new neighbor, the Moon, or some debris strikes other inner solar system bodies - labeled as the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) period, and finally, some are thrown randomly either into highly elliptical and non-planar orbits or into the Sun.

Then there is the Moon enigma: why did the Earth, the only inner planet, have a satellite with an unusually large satellite-to-planet mass ratio, about one to seven? Different factors created the Moon as compared with the typical satellites of the outer planets. Of course, the proposed collision is the creator of this Earth-Moon system and not the mechanism that created the outer planets’ satellite systems. Numerous reasons and evidence for this newly proposed collision follow. Also discussed are reasons why the currently accepted collision-capture mode is not probable or indeed not possible.

3—THE MOON FROM PLANET TO SATELLITE

The Moon is the only satellite held in its orbit by the Sun’s gravity and not its parent planet’s gravity. Brought to