Applied Microbiology and Bioengineering: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Applied Microbiology and Bioengineering: An Interdisciplinary Approach discusses recent advances in microbiology and cutting-edge biotechnology that have generated interest among researchers. The book is divided into several sections, including Enzymes in Bioprocessing, Human Health, Microbial Physiology and Biomedical Applications, and Bioprocess Development. Included are some of the latest developments in the field, like smart actuators for innovative biomedical applications, microalgal antenna engineering for improved bioprocess of biofuel, cell line engineering, and synbiotic foods. It is a useful reference for those in the applied microbiology and biotechnology fields, but will also be useful for practitioners in biotech.

• Provides insight into the various interdisciplinary research avenues which can be utilized to benefit current researchers and students
• Covers novel topic areas in the field of applied microbiology, like smart actuators for innovative biomedical application, microbial tyrosinases, production of halophilic alkaline protease, human probiotic applications, and the biotechnological aspects of methylobacterium
• Reviews innovative bio-processing technologies for horticultural products and the bioprocess development for synbiotic foods

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Sep 27, 2018
• ISBN: 9780128155486

Book preview

Applied Microbiology and Bioengineering

An Interdisciplinary Approach

First Edition

Pratyoosh Shukla

Department of Microbiology, Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Contributors

About the Editor

Author Introduction

Preface

Section I: Enzymes in Bioprocessing

Chapter 1: Microbial Tyrosinases: A Novel Enzyme, Structural Features, and Applications

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Mechanism of Tyrosinase Action

3 Potential Applications of Tyrosinase

4 Microbial Tyrosinases

5 Characteristics of Microbial Tyrosinases

6 Conclusions

Chapter 2: Production of Bioethanol From Sugarcane Bagasse: Current Approaches and Perspectives

Abstract

Acknowledgments

Conflict of Interest

1 Introduction

2 Sugarcane Bagasse

3 Various Microorganisms Degrading Bagasse

4 Pretreatment of Bagasse

5 Cellulose Hydrolysis

6 Detoxification

7 Ethanol Production by Fermentation

8 Application of Bagasse in the Production of Other Value-Added Products

9 Conclusions

Chapter 3: Improvement of the Amino-Sugar-1-Phosphate Acetyltransferase Activity of the Archaeal Bifunctional Protein

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Identification of the ST0452 Protein and Its Sugar-1-P NTase Activity

3 Characterization of the amSugar-1-P AcTase Activity of the ST0452 Protein

4 Characterization by Introduction of Substitution Mutations

5 Characterization via C-Terminal Truncation

6 Conclusion

Chapter 4: Recent Bio-Processing Technologies for Value Added Horticultural Products

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Horticultural Produce and Postharvest Losses

3 Scope and Applications of Bio-Processing

4 Quality of Processed Products

5 Conclusion

Section II: Human Health, Microbial Physiology and Biomedical Applications

Chapter 5: Saccharomyces cerevisiae as Potential Probiotic: Strategies for Isolation and Selection

Abstract

Acknowledgment

1 Introduction

2 Screening and Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

3 Conclusion

Chapter 6: Ecological and Biotechnological Aspects of Methylobacterium mesophilicum

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 General Aspects of Methylobacterium mesophilicum

3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Chapter 7: Smart Actuators for Innovative Biomedical Applications: An Interactive Overview

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Smart Actuators

3 CNT (Carbon Nano Tube) Based Sensors

4 Enzyme-Based Biosensor

5 Integrated Biosensors

6 Implantable Biosensors

7 Smart Textile Biosensor

8 Surface Plasmon Resonance

9 Applications of Smart Actuators in Biomedical Field

10 Conclusion

Chapter 8: Recent Developments and Future Prospects of Natural and Synthetic Antitubercular Peptide Drugs

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction

2 Computational and Experimental Approaches to Design Peptide Libraries

3 Types of Peptides and Their Classification

4 Case Studies on Antitubercular Peptides

5 Applications and Current Developments

6 Challenges, Limitations and Solutions

7 Future Directions

8 Conclusion

Section III: Bioprocess Development

Chapter 9: Design and Development of Antibiotic Fermentation Using Different Processing Strategies: Challenges and Perspectives

Abstract

1 The Genesis of Penicillin

2 Penicillin as β-Lactam: Products and Derivatives

3 Production Strategies for Penicillin

4 Cephalosporins

5 Structural Modifications for Improvement in β-Lactam Antibiotics

6 Antimicrobial Peptides

7 Anti-MRSA Daptomycin Production

8 Production Strategies for Daptomycin

9 Cofactor(s) Manipulation and Utilization

10 Significance of Fed Batch Strategy

11 Metabolic Flux Analysis Model

12 Morphological Modifications and Immobilization Strategy

13 Conclusions

Chapter 10: Current Perspectives and Future Strategies for Fructooligosaccharides Production Through Membrane Bioreactor

Abstract

Acknowledgment

1 Introduction

2 Fructooligosaccharide

3 Production of FOS

4 Purification of FOS

5 Conclusion

Chapter 11: Effectual Bioprocess Development for Protein Production

Abstract

Acknowledgment

1 Introduction

2 Industrial Hosts Used for Protein Production

3 Bioprocess Technologies

4 Future Perspective

Chapter 12: Microalgae: A Way Forward Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment and Bio-Fuel Production

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Wastewater Treatment With Microalgae and Subsequent Biodiesel Production

3 Microalgae Harvesting Techniques for Efficient Biofuel Production

4 Summary

Index

Copyright

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Contributors

Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin.

Pragati Agarwal       (3), Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India

Rajeev Agrawal       (101), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India

Archana Anthappagudem       (71), Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Welington Luiz Araújo       (87), Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Chiranjib Banerjee       (229), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India

Srinivas Banoth       (71), Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Bhima Bhukya       (71), Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Aline Aparecida Camargo-Neves       (87), Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Jong-Chan Chae       (21), Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea

Ipsita Chakravarty       (163), School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India

Arun Kumar Dangi       (203), Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India

Kashyap Kumar Dubey

(185), Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India

Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India

Shailja Dwivedi       (203), Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd, Mumbai, India

Neelam Garg       (21), Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India

Sanjeev K. Gupta       (203), Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd, Mumbai, India

Amandeep Kaur Kahlon       (121), Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

Nitish Kaushik       (101), Department of Production Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India

Yutaka Kawarabayasi       (43), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan

Ch. Koteswarapavan       (101), Department of Production Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India

Punit Kumar       (185), Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India

Niwas Kumar       (229), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India

Vipin Kumar       (229), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India

Subir Kundu       (163), School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India

Kanika Kundu       (163), Chemistry Section, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Kui-Jae Lee       (21), Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea

Prakhar Matre       (101), Department of Production Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India

Sikandar I. Mulla       (21), Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea

Sangeeta Negi       (229), NMC Biolab, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, United States

Vinod Kumar Nigam       (57), Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India

Sumedha Ojha       (163), School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India

Madhurya Ray       (229), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, India

Ashok Sharma       (121), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India

Pratyoosh Shukla       (203), Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India

Mukta Singh       (3), Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India

Jyoti Singh       (3), Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India

R.P. Singh       (3), Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India

Madhu Smita       (203), Patent Facilitation Centre (PFC), Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), New Delhi, India

Amit Kumar Tiwari       (57), Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India

Shubhandra Tripathi       (121), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India

Swati Tyagi       (21), Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea

About the Editor

Pratyoosh Shukla, Ph.D., is Professor at and Head of Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India. He is also General Secretary of Association of Microbiologists of India (AMI), at 75 year’s old it is a world-reknowned scientific organization. His research interests are in the fields of enzyme technology, protein bioinformatics and microbial biotechnology. He has accumulated more than 18 years of research and teaching experience from reputed universities throughout India and postdoctoral experience from Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa and has worked as a Research Professor at University of Cincinnati under the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) and American Society of Microbiology (ASM) program. He has written 8 books, 22 book chapters, and has published more than 98 peer-reviewed papers in reputed national and international journals. He has received several awards, including: Prof. S.B. Saksena, F.N.A., Award in life sciences (1999); Best Presentation Award (Senior Category-2006) by NCSTC, India; NRF-DUT PDF Award in Enzyme Biotechnology (2008), Danisco, India; an award in probiotics and enzyme technology (2010); Indo-US Professorship Award (2014) by Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) and American Society of Microbiology (ASM); AMI-Alembic Award (2015); and Bentham Science Ambassador Award (2018). He was also selected as a scientist to participate in the Southern Ocean Expedition (2011) and is a Fellow of Academy of Microbiological Sciences (2017).

He is currently serving as Editor for the Indian Journal of Microbiology (Springer), as Associate Editor for BMC Microbiology, as Academic Editor for PLOS One (3Biotech), and as an editorial board member and a reviewer for many other journals. He has also been Editor in Chief for the Internet Journal of Microbiology, Internet Scientific Publishers, USA (2008–2009) and was Special Editor in Chief in JASES, Indonesia for Environmental Biotechnology for a special issue.

Author Introduction

R.P. Singh

Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India

E-mail: [e-mail]

R.P. Singh is senior Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. His research interests are in the areas of: microbial bioconversion for production of value-added products, biomass utilization for energy generation, enzyme engineering, bioremediation, and nanobiotechnology.

Swati Tyagi

Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54597, Republic of Korea

E-mail: [e-mail]

Swati Tyagi graduated in Microbiology from Kurukshetra University (Haryana) in 2012 and specializes in enzyme technology, fermentation, and alcohol technology. Presently she is pursuing her PhD from the Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. Her current research interest is in plant-pathogen interaction and elucidation of the mechanism at molecular level.

Jong-Chan Chae

Professor, Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54597, Republic of Korea

E-mail: [e-mail]

Jong-Chan Chae is a Professor in the Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. His research interest is in the microbial transformation of chemical structures and the elucidation of the mechanism at molecular level.

Yutaka Kawarabayasi

Senior Researcher, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan

E-mail: [e-mail]

Yutaka Kawarabayasi is a Senior Researcher at the Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba (Ibaraki), Japan. His research interest is in the identification of useful thermostable enzymes from the genomic data of thermophilic archaea, especially enzymes catalyzing sugar metabolism.

Vinod Kumar Nigam

Associate Professor in Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand

E-mail: [e-mail]

Vinod Kumar Nigam is working as an Associate Professor in Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. He is involved in both teaching and research activities guiding several UG, PG, and PhD students. His areas of research include process biotechnology, enzyme technology, agricultural biotechnology, food processing, etc. He has several government-funded projects to his credit and has published more than 50 research papers in peer reviewed journals of international repute.

Bhima Bhukya

Associate Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India

E-mail: [e-mail]; bhima. [e-mail]

Bhima Bhukya is an Associate Professor of Microbiology in Osmania University. His present research interest lies in microbial biotechnology (probiotics, animal nutrition, biofuel). He has a total 17 years of research and teaching experience including 3 years of undergraduate (veterinary) and 14 years of postgraduate (MSc) teaching. Dr. Bhima is a life member of AMI, ISCA, BRSI, and SAB societies. He was also the recipient of Best Teacher Award (2015) from the state government.

Aline Aparecida Camargo-Neves

University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

E-mail: [e-mail]

Aline Aparecida Camargo-Neves is a collaborative researcher at the University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Brazil. Her research interest in plant-microbe interaction has been applied to biotechnology production.

Welington Luiz De Araújo

University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

E-mail: [e-mail]

Welington Luiz De Araújo is an Associate Professor at the University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Brazil. His research interest is in the study of the microbial diversity of different environments, especially in the interior of plants.

Rajeev Agrawal

Associate Professor at Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India

Email: [e-mail]

Rajeev Agrawal has more than 15 years of professional experience. He is actively involved in bringing industry orientation to the engineering education system in India working with several industry and statutory bodies and other organizations. Dr. Agrawal's research work focuses on process-improvement initiatives for productivity enhancement. He has demonstrated his research capabilities in terms of research papers that he has published and presented (more than 60 research papers) and various sponsored and industrial projects. Dr. Agrawal's current research projects include automation in manufacturing, lean six sigma, robotics, supply chain design, and reconfigurable manufacturing systems.

Amandeep Kaur Kahlon

Post-Doctoral Fellow, Special Centre for Molecular Medicine (SCMM), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi 110067, India

E-mail: [e-mail]

Amandeep Kaur Kahlon, graduated with a BSc in Life Sciences (2001) with Zoology, Botany and Chemistry from University of Delhi, and an MSc with specialization in Toxicology (2004) from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi. She completed her PhD in Biotechnology (2013) at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She worked at the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) from 2014 to 2016 as a Research Associate. She has postdoctoral work experience in the field of peptide drugs discovery and host-pathogen interactions. Since 2016 she has been working as D.S Kothari Postdoctoral Fellow at SCMM, JNU, New Delhi. Her current research interest is in the discovery, synthesis, and mechanism of interaction of identified peptide inhibitors targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Subir Kundu

Senior Professor and Coordinator, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India

E-mail: [e-mail]; [e-mail]

Subir Kundu is the Senior Professor and the Coordinator of the School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT(BHU), Varanasi, India. He is a Biochemical Engineer and his research contributions span from the development of several life-saving antibiotics, bioenergy, nano-biotechnology, probiotics, to crucial fields of biochemical engineering. He is a pioneer in antibiotic fermentation. His current research focuses on the development of antimicrobial peptides and the production of lipopeptide antibiotics to combat drug resistance.

Kashyap Kumar Dubey

Department of Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, Haryana, India

E-mail: [e-mail]

Kashyap Kumar Dubey is working as Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh (Haryana), India. His research interests are the development of bioprocess technology for the production of secondary metabolites and wastewater treatment.

Punit Kumar

Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India

E-mail: [e-mail]

Punit Kumar is working as a resource person in the Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, MDU Rohtak (Haryana), India. He has completed his PhD from Mararshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Haryana. His research interests are the isolation and purification of biomolecules from microbial sources.

Pratyoosh Shukla

Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India

E-mail: [e-mail]

Pratyoosh Shukla has an MSc in Applied Microbiology Biotechnology from Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar, India and a PhD in Microbiology. He is presently working as Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India. He was awarded with Indo-US Visiting research Professorship by the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) in 2014. His current interests are enzyme technology, systems biology, and protein bioinformatics.

Chiranjib Banerjee

Assistant Professor (INSPIRE Faculty), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India

Email: [e-mail]; [e-mail]

Chiranjib Banerjee has completed his PhD from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India. After completing a PhD in renewable bioenergy, he was awarded the prestigious INSPIRE Faculty award from the Indian government's Department of Science & Technology (DST). Presently he is working as an Assistant Professor at the DST-INSPIRE Faculty in the Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India. His research interests are in the fields of environmental biotechnology and algal biotechnology.

Vipin Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, India

Email: [e-mail]

Vipin Kumar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India. He completed his post-graduate in Microbiology and Doctorate in Environmental Biology. Dr. Kumar's research interests include microbial remediation of pollutants, biological treatment of solid waste, etc. Earlier, he served as a Research Associate and Senior Research Fellow in Indian government's Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi. He has published many international and national scientific research papers.

Madhurya Ray

Junior Research Fellow, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, India

Email: [e-mail]

Madhurya Ray completed her M. Tech in Environmental Science and Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad in 2017. She is currently a junior research fellow (JRF) at the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT(ISM) Dhanbad. Her research work focuses on the microbial degradation of pollutants.

Niwas Kumar

Senior Research Fellow, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, India

Email: [e-mail]

Niwas Kumar is a senior research fellow (SRF) at the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad. He currently holds a national-level scholarship (ICMR). His research work focuses on algal bio-energy.

Sangeeta Negi

Research Scientist, New Mexico Consortium, NMC Biological Laboratory, 100 Entrada Drive, Los Alamos, NM 87544, United States

Email: [e-mail]

Sangeeta Negi is currently working as a Research Scientist at the New Mexico Consortium. She completed her PhD in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology at Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, India. She is currently working on different aspects of the efficient functioning of the photosynthetic antenna systems and will use this knowledge to increase the photosynthetic efficiency of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Arun Kumar Dangi

Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

Email: [e-mail]

Puneet Kumar Singh post-graduated in Biotechnology in 2010 from Kurukshetra University, Kurushetra, and gained his Doctoral Degree in Microbial Biotechnology from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. His current research interests are in recombinant DNA technology, systems biology, protein engineering, and bioremediation.

Madhu Smita

Women Scientist-C, Patent Facilitation Centre, TIFAC, New Delhi, India

E-mail: [e-mail]

Madhu Smita, graduated in Botany, Zoology and Chemistry from Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) in 2008 and in 2010 specialized in Industrial Microbiology at the Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala (Punjab). She gained her PhD from Panjab University, Chandigarh with the main focus being on both upstreaming and downstreaming processes. Presently she is a Women Scientist in PFC, TIFAC, New Delhi. Her current interest is the amalgamation of IPR in the field of continuous bioprocessing technologies.

Sanjeev K. Gupta

General Manager and Head-Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot#125, Kandivli Ind. Estate, Kandivli (West)-400067, Mumbai-India

Email: [e-mail]

Sanjeev K. Gupta has gained a PhD in Microbiology (cell engineering) and an MSc in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. At present he is the General Manager and Head at the Advanced Biotech Lab (R&D-Biosimilar), Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Mumbai, India. He has 18 years of industrial experience and has been working since 2000 on the development of Biosimilars including monoclonal antibodies. His core expertise lies into molecular biology, cell line, process development for recombinant therapeutic molecule development.

Shailja Dwivedi

Research Executive-Advanced Biotech Lab, Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Plot#125, Kandivli Ind. Estate, Kandivli (West)-400067, Mumbai, India

Email: [e-mail]

Shailja Dwivedi has gained a PhD in Biotechnology (Metabolic engineering) and an MSc in Biotechnology. At present she is working as a Research Executive at the Advanced Biotech Lab (Biosimilar), Ipca Laboratories Ltd., Mumbai, India. She has 3 years of industrial experience and is working on the development of Biosimilars, including monoclonal antibodies. Her core expertise lies in the molecular biology, cell line engineering, and cell banking and characterization.

Preface

This book is on interdisciplinary applied microbiology and bioengineering and contains an outstanding compilation of the various research aspects of microbiology and bioengineering that highlight recent advances and innovations. It presents the most interesting topics in modern biotechnology, which are divided into three sections: enzymes in bioprocessing; human health, microbial physiology and biomedical applications; and bioprocess technology.

The most significant attribute of this book is that it presents the most up-to-date areas of microbiology with special emphasis on the biotechnological advancements in interdisciplinary research into microbiology with other subdisciplines of bioengineering. The first section of this book inclines toward enzyme production and enzyme engineering. The second section includes some of the most important current topics, such as probiotics, smart actuators for biomedical application, and the natural and synthetic antitubercular peptide drugs that have become vital for human health. The last section covers some of the most remarkable aspects of current microbiology, such as bioprocess technologies for biofuel, therapeutic proteins, synbiotic foods, and value-added horticulture products.

This book will be a valuable resource for senior undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, professionals and other interested individuals or groups working in the interdisciplinary areas.

Section I

Enzymes in Bioprocessing

Chapter 1

Microbial Tyrosinases: A Novel Enzyme, Structural Features, and Applications

Pragati Agarwal; Mukta Singh; Jyoti Singh; R.P. Singh    Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India

Abstract

Tyrosinase (E.C. 1.14.18.1) is a member of type-3 copper protein family and is found in large amounts in the phylogenetic scale of living organisms. It catalyzes the hydroxylation of monophenols to corresponding o-diphenols (monophenolase or cresolase activity) and then to o-quinones (diphenolase or catecholase activity). The enzyme is involved in several important biological processes such as in biotransformation for the commercial production of l-DOPA, in