Mind Games: Setting Conditions for Successful Counterinsurgency Military Information Support Operations
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Major Henry B. Davis IV
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Mind Games - Major Henry B. Davis IV
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MIND GAMES: SETTING CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL COUNTERINSURGENCY MILITARY INFORMATION SUPPORT OPERATIONS
Henry B. Davis IV Major, United States Army
B.A., University of New Mexico, 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
ABSTRACT 5
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7
I. INTRODUCTION 8
A. RESEARCH QUESTION 8
B. PURPOSE 9
C. CASE STUDY SELECTION 9
D. HYPOTHESES 10
E. METHODOLOGY 12
F. LITERATURE REVIEW 14
G. CHAPTER REVIEW 15
II. THE MALAYAN EMERGENCY (1948–1960) 16
A. AN OVERVIEW OF THE EMERGENCY 16
B. BRITISH PSYOP ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES 17
C. BRITISH PSYOP EFFORTS 20
D. HYPOTHESIS TESTING 21
III. THE VIETNAM WAR (1950–1975) 24
A. AN OVERVIEW OF THE WAR 24
B. AMERICAN PSYOP ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES 25
C. AMERICAN PSYOP EFFORTS 28
D. HYPOTHESIS TESTING 31
IV. THE KENYAN EMERGENCY (1952–1960) 34
A. AN OVERVIEW OF THE EMERGENCY 34
B. BRITISH PSYOP ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES 37
C. BRITISH PSYOP EFFORTS 38
D. HYPOTHESIS TESTING 40
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42
A. REVIEW OF CASE STUDY FINDINGS 42
B. CONCLUSIONS 44
C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 45
APPENDIX A: POST-WORLD WAR II INSURGENCIES 46
APPENDIX B: SELECTED MAPS 49
APPENDIX C: SAMPLE PSYOP PRODUCTS 52
SAMPLE U.K. PSYOP PRODUCTS DISSEMINATED IN MALAYA 52
SAFE CONDUCT PASS TO MCP PERSONNEL 53
B. SAMPLE U.S. PSYOP PRODUCTS DISSEMINATED IN VIETNAM 55
C. SAMPLE U.K. PSYOP PRODUCTS DISSEMINATED IN KENYA 58
Government promise 61
REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 62
LIST OF REFERENCES 63
MALAYAN EMERGENCY REFERENCES 63
Books 63
Journal Articles 63
Monographs 63
Websites 64
VIETNAM WAR REFERENCES 64
Books 64
Reports 65
Journal Articles 65
Theses 65
Websites 65
KENYAN EMERGENCY REFERENCES 66
Books 66
Theses 66
Websites 66
OTHER REFERENCES 67
Books 67
Blogs 68
Monographs 68
Theses 68
Journal Articles 68
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to determine what actions can be taken by American military forces to set conditions for conducting effective Military Information Support Operations (MISO) campaigns in counterinsurgency (COIN) conflicts. To find these actions, hypotheses built upon tenets found in American military Psychological Operations (PSYOP) doctrine were compared to empirical observations of PSYOP conducted in three COIN case studies from the 1950s and 1960s. Because COIN literature is ripe with assertions, such as Dr. Kalev I. Sepp’s, that effective, pervasive psychological operations (PSYOP) campaigns
are inherent in successful COIN operations, it is ironic that few works discuss specific recommendations regarding the design and conduct of such campaigns. This study begins filling this literature gap by showing that MISO relationship to other operations holds greater significance in effective MISO campaign design than internal details such as the level of centralization. This finding supports contemporary calls for a more unified group of inform and influence practitioners within the United States military, as well as calls for the United States government to draft a National Information Strategy to better leverage this important element of national power.
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ARVN:—Army of the Republic of Vietnam
CMO:—Civil Military Operations
COIN:—Counterinsurgency
JUSPAO:—Joint United States Public Affairs Office
KAU:—Kenyan African Union
MACV: —Military Assistance Command - Vietnam
MCP: —Malayan Communist Party
MISO: —Military Information Support Operations (formerly known as PSYOP)
MPAJA: —Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army
MRLA: —Malayan Races Liberation Army
NVA:—North Vietnamese Army
POG:—Psychological Operations Group
PSYOP: —Psychological Operations (now known as MISO)
PSYWAR:—Psychological Warfare (later known as PSYOP and now MISO)
USAID—United States Agency for International Development
USIS:—United States Information Service
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is deeply indebted to the two most important women in his life. Ever eager to hear how this thesis was progressing, the author’s mother, Mrs. Dora F. Davis, has always been an inspiration to him in many ways. The author’s lovely wife, Mrs. Youn-Hee M. Davis, has always actively supported his academic activities and, in particular, kept him fed while he was sequestered in the Naval Postgraduate School’s Dudley-Knox Library working on this paper. Also, many thanks go to the aforementioned library’s helpful and courteous staff, as well as the author’s peers whose encouragement and information he continues to find an invaluable resource. Finally, great thanks go to the author’s advisors in this endeavour, Drs. Hy S. Rothstein and Kalev I. Sepp, for the knowledge and wisdom they so freely shared with the author both inside and outside of the classroom.
I. INTRODUCTION
During the United States’ involvement in the Vietnam War from 1950 to 1975, many military resources were expended in the counterinsurgency (COIN) fight against the Viet Cong. One American resource in particular used in Vietnam has begun to receive renewed attention: Psychological Operations (PSYOP), which have recently been renamed Military Information Support Operations (MISO).{1} While most literature about American PSYOP in Vietnam seems to find more faults than strengths regarding its implementation, few authors have examined United States PSYOP efforts in a rigorous manner from which lessons could be derived for use in modern MISO.{2} While Dr. John A. Nagl has compared American COIN efforts in Vietnam to British COIN efforts in Malaya in his book Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife, even this work only devotes three pages to