The Effects Of Infectious Disease On Napoleon’s Russian Campaign
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The Russians were outnumbered in the summer of 1812 and were forced to play at fight and retreat game with Napoleon’s army. This was not well received by the Russian people who were suffering at the hands of the French invaders, but it was just about the only sound course of action the Russians could pursue. The situation turned itself around however when Napoleon reached Moscow and stayed there until an orderly and safe retreat was nearly impossible. At this time the Russian winter was upon them and they had neither the will nor the supplies to return to France.
LCDR Brian M. Allen USN
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The Effects Of Infectious Disease On Napoleon’s Russian Campaign - LCDR Brian M. Allen USN
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Text originally published in 1998 under the same title.
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THE EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE ON NAPOLEON’S RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN
by
Brian M. Allen, LCDR, USN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
Preface 5
Abstract 5
Chapter 1 — Introduction 7
Composition of Forces 8
The Real Threats 10
Chapter 2 — Across the Niemen 13
Smolensk 15
Borodino 19
Chapter 3 — Moscow 23
The Russian Strategy 25
So What? 26
Chapter 4 — Conclusion 29
REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 31
Bibliography 32
Preface
This research topic seemed an interesting one for me as I have an undergraduate degree in microbiology. I have always been fascinated by the power that micro-organisms have and their ability to adapt to changing conditions. Especially important to the military are the ever increasing number of diseases that are developing resistance to treatment. This intent of this paper is to show the importance of understanding the role that microorganisms play in the use of military force around the globe.
The National Command Authority has committed U.S. military forces to all parts of the world. Most recent deployments included places like Somalia, Haiti, and Liberia. These countries, unlike Russia were to Napoleon, are lands that contain diseases that U.S. service member’s immune systems are not familiar with. In most cases, as with Yellow fever, Typhus (which is still prevalent in these countries), Malaria, and others, the U.S. military can take precautions that will prevent epidemics from occurring in the ranks. With some diseases though, this is not possible. There is no vaccine yet for AIDS, and the deadly Ebola virus has proven elusive to scientists as well. The problem with these type diseases is that one cannot plan for when they will occur and with what virulence they will strike.
Also, the ability of bacteria to mutate and develop resistance to current medical remedies (antibiotics) poses a similar dilemma to planners because they cannot possibly predict what changes will occur, nor when an outbreak will happen.
Abstract
This paper will discuss the effects of infectious disease on Napoleon’s forces during the Russian campaign of 1812. In short, it will argue that the primary reason Napoleon failed to defeat the Russian army was because his forces were decimated by disease, specifically typhus, dysentery, and diphtheria. It will also demonstrate the effect of disease and illness on Napoleon’s judgement and decision making process. This subject, infectious disease and the military, has great implications for military planners in the future. The recent Gulf war and its related Gulf War Illness
is just one example. The United States has lost more men to disease during war than any other cause; hence it