Retail Crime, Security, and Loss Prevention: An Encyclopedic Reference

By Charles A. Sennewald and John H. Christman

Retail Crime, Security, and Loss Prevention is destined to become the "go to" source of crime- and loss prevention- related information in the retail industry. Written and edited by two nationally recognized retail security experts and enhanced with 63 contributions by others who contribute expertise in specialized areas, this book provides over 150 definitions of loss prevention terms, and discusses topics ranging from accident investigations, counterfeit currency, emergency planning, and workplace violence to vendor frauds. No other single work contains such a wealth of retail security information.

The co-authors are Charles “Chuck Sennewald, CSC, CPP former Director of Security at The Broadway Department Stores, a major division of Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc., founder of the IAPSC and author of numerous security industry books, and John Christman, CPP, former VP and Director of Security for Macy's West. They have put in one book a wealth of information, techniques, procedures and source material relative to retail crime and loss prevention which will prove an invaluable reference work for professionals at all levels within the industry.

• Tables, current industry figures, and statistics fully articulate the impact of loss prevention and theft in the retail setting
• Case examples from the authors' own experience illustrate real-world problems and connect theory to practice
• The most complete book available on retail security

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Aug 29, 2011
• ISBN: 9780080560823

Charles A. Sennewald

Charles “Chuck” Sennewald, CSC, CPP, is an independent security management consultant and expert witness and the author of numerous Butterworth-Heinemann titles, including "Effective Security Management"; "Security Consulting"; "Retail Crime, Security and Loss Prevention: An Encyclopedic Reference;" "From the Files of a Security Expert Witness"; and earlier editions of this book "The Process of Investigation." Chuck is a graduate of California State University - Los Angeles with a BS degree in Police Science and Administration. Chuck is also the founder and first president of the International Association of Professional Security Consultants (IAPSC), and is a long-time member of ASIS International. He has lectured and is read in countries around the globe.

Book preview

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

About the Authors

Contributors

Preface

Introduction

A

Academic Programs

Alarm Systems

Amateur Shoplifters

Asphyxia

Auras (Guilt Auras)

Award Programs

B

Badges and Identification Cards

Balancing a Cash Register

Bank Deposits

Best Practice: Shoplifting

Bomb Threats

BURGLARY (24-hour stores, e.g., Convenience Stores, Gas Stations, Drug, Grocery, and Liquor Stores)

C

Cables

Case Management and Electronic Incident Reporting

Cash Control: Automated

Cash Office Security

Cash Register Manipulations

CCTV: An Historical Perspective in Retailing

Celebrity Appearances and Special Events

Celebrity and other Sensitive Arrest

Chase/Chasing Policy

Check Fraud

Citizen’s Arrest (Private Person’s Arrest)

Civil Disturbances

Civil Recovery

Civil Restitution

Collusion

Company Property

Concessionaires and Tenants

Conditional (Controlled) Release

Conscience Letters

Consent to Search

Contract Security in Retail Environments

Counterfeit Currency

Courtroom Appearance and Testimony

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Customer Accident Investigations

Cybersecurity Rules for the Retail Industry

D

Discount Violations

Displays

Distribution Centers/Warehouses

Docks (Receiving and Shipping)

Documentation

Drug Store Loss Prevention

Drug Testing

Drugs in the Workplace

E

Emergency Planning for Retail Businesses

Emergency Exits

Employee Fraud

Employee Handbook

Employee Purchases and Package Control

Employee Theft and Misconduct

Entrapment

Escort Policy and Procedure

Ethical Dilemmas and Conflicts of Interest

Evidence

Exception Reporting Software

Executive Protection

Expert Witnesses

Extortion

F

Fences and Fencing

Fire and Fire Prevention

Fitting Rooms and Their Control

Forms

Fraudulent Outsourcing and Invoicing

Fraudulent Refunds

G

Ghost Employees

Gift Card Fraud

Good Housekeeping as a Shrinkage Prevention Tool

Grab and Run

Grocery Loss Prevention

H

Highjacking Prevention

History of Private Security

Holds/ Hold Procedures

Hotlines: The Modern Employee Hotline: Incident Report Management From A to Z

I

Incident Reporting: Electronic

International Foundation for Protection Officers (IFPO)

Integrity Testing of Sales Associates

Integrity Tests

Interactive Video Training

International Association of Professional Security Consultants

Inter-Store and Other Transfers

Interviews and Interrogations: The Process of Interviewing and Interrogation

Investigations

J

Jewelry (Fine)

Juveniles

K

Key Control

Kleptomania

Known Loss Reports

L

Labor Disputes: Managing Them

Labor Disputes: Some Considerations

Law Enforcement Officers as LP Agents

Law Enforcement Retail Partnership Network

Legal Cases by Subject Matter (Case Law)

Legal Considerations

Liaison with Law Enforcement

Lighting: Outside

Lockers

Loss Prevention as a Concept

Loss Prevention Manuals: Content & Preparation

Lost or Unaccompanied Children

M

Malls and Shopping Centers

Manuals for Security/LP: Protection of Contents

Membership Stores

Merchandise Inventory

Miranda Rights

Mission Statement

Security Department Function

N

Negligence in the Employment of LP Personnel

Night Depositories

No Touch Policy

O

Oh Shit Syndrome

On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Organized Retail Theft

P

Parking Lot Crimes and Other Problems

Performance and Development Review Process

Polygraph

Post Orders

Pre-Employment Screening

Premises and Personal Injury Liability

Preteen and Teenage Shoplifting

Preventing Theft of Merchandise by Customers

Product Tampering:—An Historical Perspective

Product Tampering and Contamination

Proprietary Information

Prosecution vs. Release

Public Restrooms

Q

Quick Change Artists

Quotas and Goals

R

Report Writing

Requests by Shoplifting Detainees

Restaurants in Stores

Retail Fraud

Retail Merchandising in Casinos

RFID—Informed Consent: Ethical Considerations of RFID*

Riots

Robbery: Prevention Checklists and Questionnaire

Roof Security

S

Security and Emergency Communications

Security Mirrors

Security Surveys

Security Technology and the Retail Industry: A Glimpse into the Future of Loss Prevention

Selected Security-Related Organizations

Selecting and Hiring Loss Prevention Personnel

Sell More, Lose Less: Understanding the Behavior of Shoppers and Thieves

Sex Crimes in the Retail Environment

Shoplifter Diversion: Don’t Just Stop Shoplifters—Get Them to Stop Shoplifting

Shoplifter Profiling: A Retail Loss Prevention Tool

Shoplifting

Shoplifting, Definition

Shoplifting and Organized Retail Theft

Shortage Awareness Programs

Shrinkage Reduction: A Plan that Actually Reduces Shrink

Small Claims Court

Special Police Powers for Security Officers: Issues for Consideration

Stockrooms and Other Back-of-the-Store Areas

Subliminal Messaging

Subpoenas

Sudden in Custody Death

Supply Chain Security Overview for Retailing

Surveillance

T

Standards of Conduct

Standards of Conduct

Threat Assessment and Management: An Integrative Approach

Ticket Switching

Till Taps

Time Card Violations and Time Falsification

Training

Trash

Trespass

U

Use of Off-Duty Police Officers in Loss Prevention

Use of Private Investigators by Retailers

V

Vandalism

Vendor Fraud, Badging, and Control

Vendor Relations

Video Surveillance: From CCTV to IP and Beyond

Visitor Badging and Control

VSOs vs. Plainclothes

W

Weapons

Why Do Our Employees Steal?

Window Smashing

Winning the Battle Through Pre-Employment Screening for Loss Prevention Professionals: Ten Critical Things You Need to Know

Witnesses and Their Reports

Women and Minorities in Retail Security Today

Women in Loss Prevention

Working to Stop Robbery—A Grocery Store Perspective

World’s Largest Retail Trade Association: The National Retail Federation’s Role in Retail Loss Prevention

Workplace Violence: Zero Tolerance is Not Enough

Definitions

Index

Copyright

Acquisitions Editor: Pamela Chester

Marketing Manager: Marissa Hederson

Project Manager: Jay Donahue

Design Direction: Joanne Blank

Cover Design: Gary Ragaglia

Cover Images © iStockphoto and Maxsell Corporation

Compositor: SPI/Kolam

Printer/Binder: Sheridan Books, Inc.

Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK

Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: [phone], fax: [phone], E-mail: [e-mail]. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting Support & Contact then Copyright and Permission and then Obtaining Permissions.

Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free ∞ paper whenever possible.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Application submitted

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-0-12-370529-7

For information on all Butterworth–Heinemann publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com

Printed in United States of America

08 09 10 11 12 13     10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Dedication

This book is dedicated to the memory of Jerry O’Rourke, CPP, a founding member of the International Association of Professional Security Consultants (IAPSC) and a respected security consultant.

About the Authors

Charles A. Chuck Sennewald, CPP, CSC, CPO, the author of numerous ButterworthHeinemann security titles, is a Certified Security Consultant (CSC) and a former Certified Management Consultant (CMC). Chuck commenced his long career upon graduating from the Army’s Military Police School in Georgia in 1949. He served as a military policeman in the Korean War. He was a deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles Country Sheriff’s Department, Chief of Campus Security with the Claremont Colleges, and was with the Broadway Department Stores for 18 years, concluding his service there as Director of Security. He subsequently started his own consulting practice in 1979. In the 1980s he was appointed as the Security Industry Representative of the U.S. Department of Commerce, serving in Sweden, Denmark, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan. Chuck has published 14 books including Effective Security Management, now in its fourth edition, The Process of Investigation, now in its third edition, Shoplifting and Shoplifting: Managing the Problem, co-authored with John Christman, Security Consulting (also in its third edition) and Shoplifters vs. Retailers, The Rights of Both. He founded, and was the first president of, the International Association of Professional Security Consultants (IAPSC). Chuck holds a BS Degree in Police Science and Administration from California State University at Los Angeles, where he subsequently taught on a part-time basis for 13 years. In 2006 Security Magazine identified him as one of the country’s 25 Most Influential Security Executives.

John H. Christman, CPP, retired in 1994 after 22 years as Vice President and Director of Security for Macy’s West, where he directed a staff of over 500 security personnel in some 60 stores and facilities in various states west of the Mississippi. After retiring, he began his practice as a security management consultant specializing in expert witness assignments in the retail venue, serving clients from coast to coast. He has over 40 years’ work experience in security, law enforcement and intelligence.

John graduated from Muhlenberg College and attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School. During and after the Korean War he served as a special agent of two federal intelligence/investigative agencies, and is a retired Commander (Intelligence), U.S. Naval Reserve.

Prior to joining Macy’s, Mr. Christman worked as a security executive in regional supermarket and drug store companies. He is an honor graduate of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Academy, and member of the International Association of Professional Security Consultants and ASIS, having been granted lifetime status as a Certified Protection Professional. John has co-authored two books with Chuck Sennewald—Shoplifting (1992) and Shoplifting: Managing the Problem (2006), as well as contributing articles to numerous security-related publications. He served for twelve years on the Board of Directors of the National Retail Federation’s Loss Prevention Group, and has taught security courses at the college level. In 2007 he was inducted into the NRF’s Loss Prevention Ring of Excellence.

Currently, John is semi-retired, accepting only assignments which involve unique and/or high profile/value cases.

Contributors

Contributing Authors:

Sally A. Bacchetta is an award-winning freelance writer and sales trainer. She publishes articles on a variety of topics, including emerging technologies, parenting, and sales training and motivation. Her work has been featured in Computer Link, Country Business, FOCUS (journal of the Society of Pharmaceutical and Biotech Trainers), Pharmaceutical Executive, Pharmaceutical Representative, and Phenomena magazines. Bacchetta authors Onwords™, a monthly online column about the power of the written word, as well as RFID Today, a blog exploring the impact of RFID on daily life (www.rfidtoday.blogspot.com). Visit her website at www.sallybacchetta.com or contact her at [e-mail].

Curtis Baillie is the President of Security Consulting Strategies, LLC, an independent security management consulting firm based in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Baillie’s professional background, which spans over 30 years, includes service with federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies, along with some of the largest retailers headquartered in the United States and Canada. Baillie’s retail security experience includes directing the Loss Prevention Services Department for one of the top 50 grocery chains in the United States, along with other senior security management positions for Fortune 500 big box and specialty retailers. His background encompasses all phases of security and loss prevention management operations.

Norman D. Bates, Esq., President and Founder of Liability Consultants, Inc., is a nationally recognized expert in security and the law. For over 20 years, he has provided security management consulting services to private industry as well as court-certified expert witness services nationwide to both plaintiff and defense firms in civil cases regarding inadequate security, negligent hiring or training, and workplace violence. Formerly, Bates was an Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University in Boston and Director of Security and Legal Counsel to the Saunders Hotel Corporation. He received his Juris Doctor degree from Suffolk University and a Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal Justice from Northeastern University. He is a member of the Massachusetts Bar, the International Association of Professional Security Consultants, the American Justice Association (formerly ATLA), the Defense Research Institute (DRI), the National Crime Victim Bar Association, and ASIS International.

Peter Berlin, an international consultant on retail theft, was called by The New York Times the nation’s best known and most active consultant on inventory shrinkage. He is President of The Peter Berlin Consulting Group, Inc.; publisher of two leading retail industry newsletters on inventory shrinkage (named The Peter Berlin Report on Shrinkage Control – Executive Edition and Store Managers’ Edition); and founder of the national Association for Shoplifting Prevention, Inc., a nonprofit organization directed toward shoplifting prevention and the rehabilitation of offenders. Berlin started his career in retailing in 1966, holding positions during his first 10 years as Director of Loss Prevention for a department store chain and Corporate Director of Security and Internal Audit for a specialty store chain. He later spent 5 years as the National Director of the Retail Loss Prevention Consulting Group for Price Waterhouse, traveling worldwide and consulting with more than 100 retail firms about how to prevent shoplifting and employee theft. Berlin has conducted advanced educational seminars for retail executives; works with the criminal justice system to provide effective treatment for offenders; and is frequently quoted on radio, TV, and in the media. He received his degree in Psychology in 1963 from Long Island University in New York.

Van Carlisle is the President and CEO of FireKing Security Group, a broad-based security and asset protection company with a multitude of product and service offerings. Since he became CEO in 1976, under Carlisle’s direction, FireKing Security Group has achieved a position of market leadership in the asset protection industry. Carlisle studied Criminal Justice at the University of Louisville and served in the Kentucky Air National Guard Security Police Force. A prolific writer, he typically authors several dozen guest columns and white papers annually for various trade and business publications.

Paul B. Cogswell, CPP, CFE, is the Vice President of Loss Prevention and Risk Services for Comdata Network, Inc. Comdata Payment Innovations is an issuer and processor of payment solutions for corporations. Comdata has been a pioneer in the concept of stored value, serving approximately half of the retail industry. Prior to that posting, Cogswell was the Director of Corporate Security and Chief Security Officer (CSO) for USF Corporation, a transportation holding company. Cogswell has held senior positions at Kmart Holding Corporation as the Director of Asset Protection, Compliance, and Financial Recovery; and Sears, Roebuck and Co., where he was the Director of Corporate Investigations. Cogswell has served both the government and private sector in senior management positions for the past 20 years. Cogswell has been a Certified Protection Professional (CPP) since 1979 and a Certified Fraud Examiner since 1989. He is a graduate of St. John’s University, where he also attended law school.

Timothy D. Crowe has over 35 years of experience providing consulting and training services in law enforcement and crime prevention areas, including directed patrol, school security, youth-focused community policing, serious habitual offender programs, and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). His experience in planning of security and safety includes the 1972 Republican and Democratic Conventions, the 1979 Pan American Games, and the 1982 World’s Fair. He is the author of a number of books, manuals, and guidelines in his areas of expertise. The second edition of his 1991 textbook, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, was released in March 2000. Crowe has a BS degree in Criminology and Humanities and an MS degree in Criminology and Higher Education. Crowe has worked in CPTED programs in housing, school security, transportation, and major events in Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and Singapore.

John Dahlberg, Esq., a California attorney since 1979, is a partner with Dillingham & Murphy LLP in its San Francisco office since 1984, a reserve police officer, Oakland (CA) Police Department, 1988–1996.

Sandi J. Davies began her career in contract security in 1980 with a primary focus on personnel administration. She became involved in training and was instrumental in developing security officer training programs for a major national guard company. Her interest in security training grew, and in 1988 she joined the newly formed International Foundation for Protection Officers (IFPO), as a program administrative assistant. In 1991 she was elected Executive Director of the International Foundation for Protection Officers and has been a driving force in foundation programs, development, and administration. Davies has had numerous articles published in security publications such as Security Management, relating to certifications and training of security personnel. In the early 1990s, Davies, in a cooperative effort with the IFPO Founding Director, Ronald R. Minion, coedited the Protection Officer Training Manual, with an eighth edition in preparation. In 1999 Davies’s and Minion’s Security Supervision: Theory and Practices of Asset Protection was published.

Robert M. Denny, CSC, CHS, is an independent security management consultant. Denny is a board-certified Security Consultant (CSC) by the International Association of Professional Security Consultants and is certified in Homeland Security (CHS) by the American College of Forensic Examiners. He is a life member of the American Society for Industrial Security–International. Denny has extensive loss prevention experience with Macy’s, California; and with Mervyn’s Department Stores in five western states. He taught Retail Security and Loss Prevention at Chabot College in Hayward, California. Denny holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Management from Saint Mary’s College in Moraga, California. He is a contributing author of the Security Management and Accident Prevention Manual, published by the National Safety Council.

Robert L. DiLonardo is Principal of Retail Consulting, engaging in strategic planning and financial analysis for retailers, consumer products manufacturers, and security equipment providers. He is an authority on security technology and the cost justification of security products and services. DiLonardo has contributed chapters in security industry textbooks, including Shoplifting: Managing the Problem (Christman, J. & Sennewald, C., ASIS International) and Business and Crime Prevention (Felson, M. & Clarke, R.V., Criminal Justice Press). He has published articles and academic research in Security Technology & Design Magazine, Retail Business Review, Stores Magazine, International Journal of Risk, Loss Prevention Magazine, Security and Crime Prevention, and Security Journal. He earned an MBA (Finance and Investments) from George Washington University and a BA (Economics) from Georgetown University, both in Washington, D.C. In addition, he is a member of ASIS International.

David Donnan, Former President, Checkpoint Systems, Inc.

Jeffrey A. Dussich is the President and Cofounder of JAD Communications & Security (JAD CS), located in New York City. JAD CS specializes in advanced biometric identification solutions, designed specifically for the retail and financial services industry. JAD CS is an affiliate of JAD Corporation of America, one of New York’s largest building maintenance supply distributors. Upon graduating from Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, Dussich joined JAD Corporation. Shortly thereafter, JAD CS continued its expansion by evaluating alternative physical security technologies to improve access control and visitor management. JAD CS became heavily entrenched in the biometrics industry and is currently one of only a few systems integrators focused exclusively in biometric technology. JAD CS’s current focus on improved loss prevention and operational measures places the company in a niche category of security companies. Under Dussich, JAD CS is staffed by established biometric and security industry professionals.

Jason Elwell is the Director of Client Services at LP Software, Inc., a software company that specializes in incident management and compliance auditing solutions. Elwell has 12 years of combined experience in loss prevention and information technology, which gives him a unique perspective on using technology to help retail organizations.

Gary M. Farkas, PhD, received his master’s and doctoral degrees in Clinical Psychology from the University of Hawaii, his AB degree from Rutgers College, and trained at the University of Virginia’s Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy. Farkas developed the first psychological services program for the Honolulu Police Department in 1981. While at HPD, he graduated recruit school and became a sworn reserve police officer. Farkas has consulted with private businesses and public agencies on the topics of threat assessment and violence in the workplace. He testifies in criminal court on issues related to violence prediction and dangerousness. Farkas is a licensed clinical psychologist and certified substance abuse counselor, with more than 20 publications in professional journals and books, and many presentations to professional and trade groups on threat assessment.

John J. Fay is the Owner/Operator of Security Management Online and The Learning Shop, providers of online courses and tests for security professionals and private investigators. Degrees include a Bachelor of General Education, University of Nebraska at Omaha, and Master of Business Administration, University of Hawaii. Fay is the author of numerous books on security and security management. He is an Adjunct Instructor, Texas A&M University. His prior employment included Adjunct Instructor, DeKalb Institute; Security Manager, British Petroleum Exploration; Adjunct Professor, University of Houston; Director of Corporate Security, The Charter Company; Director; National Crime Prevention Institute; Chief of Plans and Training, Georgia Bureau of Investigation; Chief of Training Standards, Georgia Peace Officer Standards and Training Council; Special Agent, U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Division; Lecturer, Police Science Division, University of Georgia; and Adjunct Professor, University of North Florida. Accomplishments and memberships include being a former Certified Protection Professional (CPP), Regional Vice President, Chapter Chairman, and member of the CPP Board, American Society for Industrial Security–International; Association of Chiefs of Police; Peace Officers Association of Georgia; and Texas Police Association.

Eugene F. Ferraro, CPP, CFE, PCI is the President and CEO of Business Controls, Inc., a risk-mitigation and consulting firm. Ferraro has been a corporate investigator for over 24 years and specializes in the investigation of employee dishonesty, substance abuse, and criminal activity in the workplace. He is board certified in Security Management (CPP designation) by ASIS International. He is also a member of the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners and is a Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE) and faculty member. He is also a Professional Certified Investigator (PCI designation). Ferraro is a former military pilot, intelligence officer, and a graduate of the Naval Justice School. He is a frequent book critic for Security Management and wrote Undercover Investigations in the Workplace, which is currently used as a textbook by universities and law enforcement agencies across the country. He is also the author of Investigations in the Workplace, published in 2006.

Richard H. Frank, CPP, is the Group Manager of Loss Prevention and Safety Services for Eddie Bauer Fulfillment Services, Inc., in Columbus, Ohio. EBFS, as the company is known, is a subsidiary of Eddie Bauer Holdings, Inc. It provides retail and direct-to-customer distribution services and operates customer contact centers in the United States and Canada. Frank has been at EBFS since 1993 when the company was formed. Prior to moving to Ohio, Frank held several positions at Spiegel, Inc., in Chicago, including Corporate Loss Prevention Manager and Corporate Retail Security Manager. His security career began in 1972, holding positions with several retail firms. Frank is a graduate of the University of Illinois with a degree in Administration of Criminal Justice. He is board certified in security management, which is the Certified Protection Professional or CPP designation of the American Society for Industrial Security. Frank has been a member of the Retail Loss Prevention Council since 1985.

Michael Gach is the Owner and Chief Investigator for Gach & Associates, a licensed investigative company in Nevada and California. Gach is a former police officer and has held executive positions in the security departments of two Fortune 500 retail corporations. He has extensive work experience in both retail and logistics security. Gach is a former director and a security consultant to the Nevada Retail Association. He has written, coauthored, and lobbied for several bills that support the retail industry and are currently state laws in Nevada. Gach is a past president of the Nevada Check and Credit Card Investigators Association and the Northern Nevada Security Association. Also, he is an active member of the American Society for Industrial Security, California Association of Licensed Investigators, and Professional Investigators of California.

Robert A. Gardner, CPP, is a board-certified security management professional and former police crime prevention specialist with more than 36 years of experience in evaluating, developing, and managing security and crime prevention programs. He provides security and crime prevention consulting and forensic expert witness services from offices in Camarillo, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada. Website: www.crimewise.com.

David Gorman is the President and CEO of David Gorman & Associates (www.davidgorman.org), a retail loss prevention consulting firm. Gorman is an internationally recognized loss prevention expert, having spent over 21 years with Wal-Mart stores, where he served as Vice President of Loss Prevention, Risk Control, & Quality Assurance before retiring in January 2002. He has a BS/BA from Southern Illinois University in Edwardsville, IL. He is a member of the National Retail Federation, the National Speakers Association, and ASIS International, for which he currently serves as Chair of the Retail Loss Prevention Council. He also served for 18 years on the Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA) Loss Prevention Conference Steering Committee and was chair of that committee for two separate terms.

Michael Hoeflich is currently a Loss Prevention Manager with a nationally known department store and has 10 years’ experience in retail loss prevention. He started his career as a store detective in a combination grocery/department store in the Midwest. Hoeflich holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal Justice from the University of Cincinnati.

Richard Hollinger, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Criminology, Law, and Society at the University of Florida in Gainesville. He is also the Director of the Security Research Project, an academic research institute that focuses exclusively on retail loss prevention and security issues. The Security Research Project annually conducts the National Retail Security Survey, along with a number of other empirical research activities. Throughout Hollinger’s career, his research has been principally focused on the topic of white collar crime—more specifically, deviant and criminal behavior committed in the course of one’s occupation. Hollinger currently serves on the editorial advisory board of the Security Journal and is a regular columnist for Loss Prevention Magazine. He also sits on the Loss Prevention Advisory Committee of the National Retail Federation. Hollinger is the author of three books: Theft by Employees (with John P. Clark; Lexington Books, 1983), Dishonesty in the Workplace: A Manager’s Guide to Preventing Employee Theft (London House Press, 1989), and Crime, Deviance and the Computer (Dartmouth Press, 1997).

Donald J. Horan, CPP, is the President of Loss Control Concepts, Inc., an independent resource for loss prevention and security programs specializing in the retail sector. Horan is an active member of the ASIS Retail Loss Prevention Council, the Retail Industry Leaders Association’s (RILA) LP Steering Committee, and the International Association of Professional Security Consultants (IAPSC). Horan’s earlier career comprised senior LP positions in department store and specialty retail companies that led to a private practice for the past 10 years, providing specialized LP consulting services for retail clientele. In 1996, he developed the security and logistics programs for retail venues at the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta and in 1998 published The Retailer’s Guide to Loss Prevention and Security from CRC Press.

David A. Jones is the President and CEO of Cost Benefit Consultants, Inc., a New York–based loss prevention consulting firm. Jones is board certified as a Protection Professional (CPP) by the American Society for Industrial Security. He has 30 years of experience in the retail loss prevention/security arena, including Regional Security Director for Macy’s East; Director of Loss Prevention for world renowned jeweler Tiffany & Co. in New York, where he was responsible for worldwide security operations; Director of Loss Prevention for The Home Shopping Network in St. Petersburg, Florida; and Vice President, Corporate Loss Prevention and Security for Tommy Hilfiger USA, Inc. Jones served as the 2004 chairman of the 1,200 member International Cargo Security Council. He has been a member of this organization since 1999 and currently sits on the board of directors. Jones has written several trade publication articles on the topic of cargo and warehouse security.

Mike Keenan, CPP, CFI, is currently the Director of Loss Prevention for Mervyns, LLC, an apparel retailer based in Hayward, California. His prior experience includes 16 years with Macy’s West, where he started as a Loss Prevention Manager and worked his way to Director of Loss Prevention. He then held Director of LP positions with Ross Stores and Longs Drugs. He started his career with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Keenan has a degree in Criminal Justice from California State University, Sacramento. He has served on the NRF LP Advisory Council and was the Chairperson in 2001 and 2002. He is a licensed private investigator in the state of California and a Certified Forensic Interviewer (CFI). In addition, he taught Retail and Corporate Loss Prevention classes at Golden Gate University in San Francisco, California.

Stanley Kirsch is the Director of National Accounts for Civil Demand Associates located in Van Nuys, California. His background includes Manager of Investigation for Wackenhut, New York; VP Holmes Security CP; Licensed Private Investigator, New York state; Director Administrative Practices, Macy’s East; Regional Sales Manager, Se-Kure Controls; and Vice President for his own company. Stanley was an Adjunct Professor at New York University’s School of Continuing Adult Education, teaching a course titled The Start Up and Administration of a Private Security Company.

Karl F. Langhorst, CPP, Director, Loss Prevention Randalls & Tom Thumb Food and Pharmacy, has over 25 years’ law enforcement and retail loss prevention experience and is a member of the American Society for Industrial Security–International, chairman of the Loss Prevention subcommittee for Texas Retailers Association (TRA), board member for Crime Stoppers of Houston, and former member of the Food Marketing Institute (FMI) Loss Prevention Committee. He received his Bachelor of Political Science degree from the University of Texas at Arlington. An author and frequent speaker on various loss prevention topics, including physical security and organized retail crime, he is board certified in security management by ASIS; licensed as a master peace officer, instructor, and investigative hypnotist by the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education (TCLOSE). As a guest lecturer at the University of Houston-Downtown, Langhorst instructed graduate-level security courses for the College of Criminal Justice’s Security Management Program.

Jim Lansberry, PCI, has been the Loss Prevention Manager at LEGOLAND California since it opened in 1999. He is an ASIS board-certified professional investigator (PCI). He has over 25 years’ experience in both retail and grocery loss prevention.

Joseph LaRocca, Vice President, Loss Prevention, National Retail Federation, has 20 years of retail loss prevention, security, and operations experience. LaRocca serves on the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Commercial Facilities and Food–Agriculture Sector Coordinating Councils, the Homeland Security Information Network Critical Infrastructure National Governance Board, and the national board for the International Association of Financial Crimes Investigators (IAFCI) and works with federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies. In 1997, LaRocca founded www.LPInformation.com, an online portal specializing in information, tools, and networking for loss prevention and related professions. LPInformation.com now serves as the NRF’s online headquarters for loss prevention services. Prior to joining the National Retail Federation, LaRocca served in various executive LP positions, most recently as the Director of Loss Prevention for The Disney Stores, a worldwide division of The Walt Disney Company, where he spent over 9 years directing strategic and tactical loss prevention, crisis management, and business continuity programs.

Lindsey M. Lee, B.S., M.A. is an Investigative Consultant for the Investigations Department, and a forensic clinician on the Behavioral Sciences Team at Business Controls, Inc., Littleton, CO. She is responsible for consulting and supporting special investigations and assisting in the development and expansion of the Behavioral Sciences Department, to include forensically related evaluations, trainings, and other activities. She furthermore manages and supervises the call center representatives responsible for the intake of highly sensitive reports on the MySafeWorkplace and MySafeCampus systems. Ms. Lee is a contributing editor for Security Newsletters, published by Business Controls, Inc. In 2002, Ms. Lee obtained her Bachelor of Sciences degree in Experimental Psychology from Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois and her Master of Arts degree in Forensic Psychology from the University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, in 2005. Prior to her arrival in Denver, Ms. Lee worked in the Division of Women and Family Services for the Illinois Department of Corrections at Lincoln Correctional Center (LCC), a medium security women’s prison. She is a member of The Association of Threat Assessment Professionals (ATAP).

Frank Luciano joined Civil Demand Associates, Inc., in 1987 as the Director of Marketing, when only 15 states and about 25% of retailers collected civil recovery. Over the following 10 years, civil recovery laws were passed in all 50 states. Luciano has worked with retail merchants associations nationwide and the National Association of Independent Businesses to help passage of these laws. Today, Luciano is an equity partner and Executive Vice President of Civil Demand Associates, one of the industry leaders. His foresight has brought about the outsourcing of the collection of promissory notes and 1099 filings on former employees, with the over 100 clients CDA currently services. His vision of connecting retail loss prevention, food service, and the petroleum industry with collection attorneys by using technology has resulted in the business logic used by many companies today. His hobbies include outdoor recreation, college football, and Texas Hold ‘Em—not necessarily in that order.

Michael S. Magill, CFE, is the Owner and President of Magill & Associates, a private investigation, loss prevention consulting, and litigation support firm. He is a former Certified Protection Professional, a Certified Fraud Examiner, and a Licensed Private Investigator in the state of California. He is a life member of ASIS International and serves on its Retail Loss Prevention Council. Magill has been in the loss prevention, security, and investigative fields for almost 40 years and has dealt with credit frauds, embezzlements, white collar crime, refund fraud, general theft, computer crime and fraud, prescription fraud and theft, CPTED, and other retail-related issues. Magill began his LP career as the California/Nevada District Security and Safety Manager for Montgomery Ward, and was the first Loss Prevention Director for Longs Drug Stores, a Fortune 500 company, where he worked for 16 years until his retirement in 1997.

Paul Mains is the President of West Bay Security Training, Inc., a policy development and consulting firm. He has been a board-certified Protection Professional (CPP) since 1988. He is a Certified Security Consultant (CSC) and a member of the International Association of Professional Security Consultants. He has degrees from the University of Florida and University of South Florida. Mains specializes in the training and policy development of the use of force application in the private sector. He can be reached at [e-mail].

Joan Manson is the Director of Loss Prevention for The Container Store, the nation’s originator and leading retailer of storage and organization products. Her responsibilities include loss prevention, risk management, brand protection, legal compliance, benefits, and payroll for this flourishing retail chain. The Container Store is nationally recognized as one of the best places to work in America. In the loss prevention profession, the retailer is also recognized as a true case study, proving that an embraced culture, valuing employees with great pay, benefits, training, communication, and recognition will result in a sustained commitment by employees and lower turnover, ultimately resulting in lower shrink and higher profitability. Manson has more than 25 years of experience in loss prevention and human resources. Prior to joining The Container Stores, she held various leadership positions with Pearle Vision, Neiman Marcus, and Montgomery Ward. Manson is a member of the National Retail Federation Advisory Council and serves as the Chairperson for the Women in Loss Prevention Caucus.

Liz Martínez is an Adjunct Professor at Katharine Gibbs School, where she teaches Security Management and Criminal Justice. She is a certified NY DCJS and Office of Homeland Security trainer and an international retail security consultant. She is the author of the book The Retail Manager’s Guide to Crime and Loss Prevention: Protecting Your Business from Theft, Fraud and Violence (Looseleaf Law Publications, 2004) and a contributor to The Encyclopedia of Security Management, 2nd Edition (ASIS International, 2007). She writes extensively for security and police publications, including SecurityInfoWatch.com, Law Enforcement Technology, Loss Prevention Magazine, and Security Technology & Design. She holds a BA in Criminal Justice from John Jay College of Criminal Justice, an MA from Seton Hill University, and is completing an MS in Loss Prevention and Safety from Eastern Kentucky University. In addition, she is a member of the Retail Loss Prevention Council of ASIS International.

Carol A. Martinson is Vice President, Asset Protection, at Supervalu, Inc., a wholesale and retail grocery company. She has security and asset protection management experience in the financial, big box retail, and food industry. Martinson is a Certified Security Services Financial Professional, active in ASIS International, ISMA, IACFI, and has served on the planning commission and boards of Bank Administration Institute, Food Marketing Institute, and Crime Stoppers, Inc.

Chris E. McGoey is President of McGoey Security Consulting. He is an internationally known author, trainer, and frequent speaker on the subjects of crime prevention, retail security, and premises liability. He has conducted over 6,000 security surveys of commercial properties where crime has been a problem and has provided advice on how to reduce the risk. He has earned 11 professional designations and certifications as a professional security consultant and licensed private investigator. McGoey has an AA degree in Police Science and a BS degree in Criminal Justice Administration. He is currently writing two books, Nightclub Security and Apartment Security. He has published one book, Security Adequate or Not, six book chapters, and over 90 articles for industry trade journals and for the CrimeDoctor.com website.

J. Patrick Murphy is a respected Loss Prevention and Security Consultant based in Houston, Texas. Mr. Murphy’s career has spanned over 32 years in the security, law enforcement, and loss prevention arenas. He is one of the few retail loss prevention consultants with experience in the retail drug store sector. His expertise in pharmacy operations, DEA compliance, and drug diversion investigations is widely recognized. Murphy has served as an adjunct instructor at the Houston Police Academy, member of the Board of Directors Houston Retail Merchants Association, and guest lecturer at Sam Houston State University and the University of Florida for Richard Hollinger, PhD. He has also written articles for Loss Prevention and Security Journal, The CEO Refresher, and the Warehousing Education and Research Council. He is currently President of LPT Security Consulting, where he provides services as an expert witness, providing testimony on security and loss prevention–related litigation, physical security analysis, school security, loss prevention assessments, and training seminars.

D. Anthony Nichter, ARM, CHE, CPP, CPS, CDTI, is a veteran in the security tradecrafts with over 25 years of active service. He has conducted senior management-level seminars throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, and Australia on behalf of private organizations and governmental tourism ministries. He has provided consultative and protective services to private companies, corporate executives, high-profile celebrities, and public agencies. Nichter is board certified in Security Management (CPP). He is also certified as a Hospitality Educator, a Defensive Tactics Instructor, a Handcuff Instructor, a Protection Specialist, and an Associate in Risk Management. Nichter is currently a faculty member at the Community College of Southern Nevada. As a state of Nevada approved instructor for the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, Nichter conducts the popular program Trial Testimony Preparation for Law Enforcement. Also, he has authored over 25 articles that have been published in security newsletters and leading industry trade publications.

Dave Niemeyer is a Loss Prevention Supervisor for a major national retailer in the Midwest. Niemeyer started in the security field after 6 years of service in the U.S. Air Force. He specialized in hospital security from 1988 to 1997 and holds a certification from the International Association of Hospital Safety and Security (IAHSS). He also holds certifications from the St. Louis, Missouri City Police Academy and St. Louis County, Missouri Fire Departments for Security Officer Specific training programs. Discovering the field of loss prevention in 1997, Niemeyer quickly advanced and excelled in the field and has been a supervisor since 2004. Since early 2003 he has focused on retail fraud and has more than 80 fraud apprehensions to his credit, with a 100% conviction rate and a combined case value of over $1.5 million. In 2004 Niemeyer was invited to join the St. Louis Area Identity Theft Task Force and remains the force’s only retail member.

W. Barry Nixon, SPHR, President, National Institute for Prevention of Workplace Violence, Inc., is a recognized expert who frequently speaks at conferences such as ASIS International (United States/Europe), Staffing Management, and SHRM. He has been published in Security Management, Security magazine, Loss Prevention, Campus Security Journal, Staffing, and Security Products, among others; has appeared on MSNBC, ABC, and CBS; and has hosted the popular talk radio show Workplace Violence Today. He is also the creator of a site for comprehensive workplace violence information on the Internet: www.workplaceviolence911.com. He is a graduate of the Executive Management Program, University of Hawaii, and earned his MA from the New School University and his BS from Northeastern University. He is certified in Workplace Security, Trauma Response, Anger Management Facilitation, Organization Development, Systems Thinking, Mediation, and is a Senior Human Resource Professional (SPHR). He is also an active member of the ASIS International’s Crime Loss Prevention Council and Society for Human Resource Management.

Patrick M. Patton works in a Loss Prevention supervisory capacity for Mervyns, LLC. He handles store-level investigations as well as serves as the coordinator for Organized Retail Crime information within his district. Somewhat new to the retail loss prevention community, Patton served in management in a theme park security environment, specializing in medical response. He is also involved with Search and Rescue for the county in which he resides. Patton received schooling in the areas of Criminal Justice and Emergency Medical Technology from Scottsdale Community College and Paradise Valley Community College. He has been published in several literary magazines; this, however, will be his first work in regards to retail crime, security, and loss prevention.

Angélica Rodríguez was named as NRF’s Director, Loss Prevention, in March 2007. Prior to her appointment, Rodríguez worked in the NRF membership department as a Manager, Member Relations. Rodríguez will join Vice President of Loss Prevention Joseph LaRocca in serving as a liaison for loss prevention committees, members, and governing boards. She will also act as an NRF spokesperson on loss prevention topics. Previously, Rodríguez worked with an international management company based in Washington, D.C., and a security design and installation company in Austin, Texas, as its Manager of Business Development and Communications. Rodríguez holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rice University in Political Science with a focus on International Relations.

King Rogers retired in early 2001 after almost 17 years as Vice President, Assets Protection for the Target Corporation. Prior to joining Target, he was Director of Assets Protection for Straw-bridge and Clothier in Philadelphia for over 14 years. He started his career as an intelligence officer in the military and with the federal government. During his 31 years in retail loss prevention/security, Rogers was an early discoverer of the organized retail crime phenomena and developed one of the first national investigation teams to combat the problem. After retiring from Target Corporation, Rogers started the consulting firm King Rogers International, which was subsequently acquired by SC-integrity, Inc. Rogers now serves as Executive Vice President of that supply chain security and intelligence services company.

Tom Rood is the Sales Manager for Protection Service Industries, a commercial alarm company located in California. Rood is currently President of the East Bay Alarm Association. He has worked in the retail security industry for 30 years as a security manager and commercial security consultant.

Lester S. Rosen, Esq., is an attorney at law and President of Employment Screening Resources (www.ESRcheck.com), a national background screening company located in California. He is the author of The Safe Hiring Manual—Complete Guide to Keeping Criminals, Imposters and Terrorists Out of Your Workplace (Facts on Demand Press), the first comprehensive book on employment screening. He is also a consultant, writer, and frequent presenter nationwide on pre-employment screening and safe hiring issues and has testified as an expert witness. His speaking appearances have included numerous national and statewide conferences. Mr. Rosen was the chairperson of the steering committee that founded the National Association of Professional Background Screeners (NAPBS), a professional trade organization for the screening industry, which has over 500 members, and served as its first cochairman. He is a former deputy district attorney and criminal defense attorney. He graduated UCLA with Phi Beta Kappa honors and received a JD degree from the University of California at Davis, serving on the Law Review.

James H. Ryan, PhD, CPP, retired from the U.S. Army as a Lt. Col., where his duties involved emergency planning while on the Army General Staff. In his civilian career of 25 years, Ryan was vice president and country president of an international retail chain. He then started his own company and served as security consultant to several retail chains, including one with over 5,000 retail outlets in 29 countries. During his civilian career, he was admitted in both state and federal courts as an expert in retail security issues. Ryan is a Past President, International Association of Professional Security Consultants, and a Meritorious Life Member of that organization. He had the opportunity during a long career in the military and in business to read, write, and put into operation many different types of emergency plans. The material in the work at hand is distilled from his variety of experiences in emergency planning.

Lawrence Schuck, CPP, CSC, is Founder and Manager of AAA Risk Management, a Loss Prevention and Security Consulting firm located on Wellington, Ohio. He has spent over 32 years in public and private law enforcement, the last 10 years as Special Agent in Charge of the Norfolk Southern Railway Police Department. He received a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Security Management, an Associates of Applied Science degree in Police Science, and an Associates of Applied Business degree in Business Administration. Schuck is a member of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the Pennsylvania Association of Chiefs of Police, and the Ohio Association of Chiefs of Police. He holds board certification as a Certified Protection Professional (CPP) through the American Association for Industrial Security (ASIS International) and is also board certified as a Certified Security Consultant (CSC) by the International Association of Professional Security Consultants (IAPSC).

Sanford Sherizen, PhD, CISSP, consults with senior management, emphasizing ways to maximize information protection strategies and minimize legal and public relations liabilities. He has extensive seminar and conference presentation experience and has authored or coauthored four books and over 50 articles on computer crimes and criminals, making cyber security work, and the insider threat. Sherizen is an adjunct professor in Norwich University’s online Master of Science in Information Assurance program. He was inducted into the Information System Security Association’s Hall of Fame for his contributions to the field. Sherizen holds the CISSP designation from the International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC²) and was a seminar instructor for those preparing to take the certification exam. He is a member of the International Association of Professional Security Consultants and can be contacted at [e-mail].

Daniel Adam Smith holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration & Corporate Accounting from Auburn University. He began his loss prevention career with Saks, Inc., as a Loss Prevention Associate. During the next 8 years, he progressed through the LPM position, Area LPM, and ultimately served as Corporate Investigative Systems Manager. He is currently an serving as a District Asset Protection Manager with Winn-Dixie Stores in the southeastern United States.

Kathleen Smith, CFI, is Vice President of Loss Prevention for Safeway, where she is responsible for security and loss prevention for over 1,800 stores in the United States and Canada, 33 manufacturing facilities, 20 warehouse facilities, and buying offices worldwide. With over 30 years of security management and law enforcement experience, Smith is chairperson of the Food Marketing Institute’s loss prevention committee. She is also on the advisory committee for the Center for Interviewer Standards and Assessment, the loss prevention committees for the California Grocers Association and California Retailers Association, and the board of directors for California Shopping Cart Retrieval Corporation. Smith earned a master’s degree in communications from Pepperdine University, Advanced Police Officer Standards and Training certificate from the State of California, and was elected to the Who’s Who of American Women in 1999.

Shannen Stenerson, who currently calls Northern California her home, is a Regional Loss Prevention Manager for a major grocery store chain where she is responsible for training and hiring of the loss prevention team, awareness training for employees, and internal investigations. Stenerson has spent the past 15 years involved in loss prevention with experience including operations and human resources.

Randy Tennison, CPP, CFE, CFI, is a corporate fraud investigator with Ferrellgas Partners LP. Tennison is board certified as a Protection Professional (CPP) by the American Society for Industrial Security, a Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE) by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, and Certified Forensic Interviewer (CFI) by the Center for Interviewer Standards and Assessment. He holds a master’s degree in Security Management from the University of Central Missouri in Warrensburg, Missouri. He has previously worked as a police officer, director of security, and special agent.

Roger Thompson, author, writes for the Harvard Business School Alumni Bulletin.

John K. Tsukayama, CPP, CFE, PCI, has been a professional investigator since 1982, specializing in financial fraud, workplace misconduct, and workplace violence. He is the coauthor of The Process of Investigation, a leading text on professional investigations in the private sector, and a contributor to Workplace Violence Prevention, Intervention, and Recovery, a Hawaii State Attorney General guide for employers. Tsukayama has led task forces on investigations as a private consultant into official misfeasance and malfeasance in the state of Hawaii on behalf of state and county government clients. He has been a Certified Protection Professional, Certified Fraud Examiner, and Professional Certified Investigator.

Karim H. Vellani, CPP, CSC, is the President of Threat Analysis Group, LLC, an independent security consulting firm. Vellani is board certified as a Protection Professional (CPP) by the American Society for Industrial Security–International and board certified as a Security Consultant (CSC) by the International Association of Professional Security Consultants. He holds a master’s degree in Criminal Justice Management from Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas. Karim has written two books, Applied Crime Analysis and Strategic Security Management, both available from Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. As an Adjunct Professor at the University of Houston—Downtown, Vellani taught graduate courses in Security Management and Risk Analysis for the College of Criminal Justice’s Security Management Program.

John A. Velke III is a 30-year veteran of retail loss prevention. He served in a vice president capacity at Lord & Taylor after it was purchased by The May Company; at Fred Meyer before that company was sold to Kroger; and at Saks, Inc., until the department store group was broken up and sold to Bon-Ton and Belk. His loss prevention credentials include appointment by the governor of Oregon to The Board of Public Standards and Training, service on the National Retail Federation’s Loss Prevention Advisory Committee, the Food Marketing Institute’s Loss Prevention Committee, the Illinois Attorney General’s task force on computer crime, the Citizen’s Crime Commission in Portland, Oregon, and other industry and legislative groups. He has written numerous magazine articles and is the author of The True Story of the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency, a historical nonfiction book about a turn-of-the-century private detective agency.

Douglas E. Wicklander, CFI, CFE, has personally conducted over 10,000 investigative interviews in the public and private sectors. He has investigated thousands of employee theft and dishonesty cases over the past 24 years and has personally directed hundreds of investigations. He has testified as an expert in interview and interrogation. He is a member of the Advisory Board for the Center for Interviewer Standards and Assessment. He is also an active member of the Item Writing Committee, which develops test questions for the Certified Forensic Interviewer examination. Wicklander coauthored, with David E. Zulawski, Practical Aspects of Interview and Interrogation, now in its second edition. This text has been used in college and university classes and has been selected as source material for the Certified Forensic Interviewer examination.

Ralph Witherspoon, CPP, CSC, has worked in the security field for almost 40 years, first with the Corporate Security department of a highly diversified Fortune 100 company. There he worked with thousands of the company’s varied retail facilities for over a dozen years. Since 1991 Witherspoon has been an independent, nonproduct-affiliated security consultant advising businesses, government agencies, and litigating attorneys, both plaintiff and defense. Witherspoon has served on the adjunct faculty of a local college. He also serves on the Board of Directors of the International Association of Professional Security Consultants.

Thomas Yuhas is the National Sales Manager of the VIP and Security Sales Group, responsible for sales of the company’s Visual Imaging and Security products, specifically the IPELA IP Surveillance products, analog CCTV products, and Machine vision products. Prior to his present position, Yuhas represented Sony in the role of Director of the Data and Transmission Systems Division and National Account Director of Sales for Walt Disney Inc./ABC Television. Yuhas joined Sony in 1981 and since then has held a variety of management positions. In 1990, he received a Sony Samurai Award for excellence in sales; in 1999, he became a Six Sigma Champion, and the company honored him with the President’s Excellent Activity Award. Yuhas earned a BA in Economics from East Stroudsburg University. He resides in Montvale, New Jersey, with his wife Renee, daughter Lauren, and son Drew.

David E. Zulawski, CFI, CFE, is a 1973 graduate of Knox College, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree. After college he spent 2 years with the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad as a special agent. He then accepted a position with the Barrington, Illinois, Police Department. Zulawski is a licensed polygraph examiner and has personally conducted over 9,000 interviews and polygraph examinations. He is an expert witness on interviews and interrogations and was a consulting expert during the development of the interactive training program The Art of Interviewing. Zulawski has coauthored the text Practical Aspects of Interview and Interrogation, 2nd edition, with Douglas E. Wicklander. He is the Chairman of the Advisory Board for the Center for Interviewer Standards and Assessment. He is also a member of the Item Writing Committee that develops questions for the Certified Forensic Interviewer examination.

Preface

After coauthoring our first book in 1992 (now out of print) and collaborating on our second book Shoplifting: Managing the Problem, published in 2006, we were approached about writing a book covering the entire gamut of retail crime and loss prevention issues. After some discussion of how to approach a project of such scope, we agreed to undertake the project.

Since many of the procedures and methods of dealing with the myriad of retail security/loss prevention issues have changed over the past four decades from those outlined in Bob Curtis’s seminal work Retail Security, and many of these changes were the result of advances in both technology and the law, we determined to solicit the advice and help of experts in certain areas to assist us to assure that this book will present both the tried and true as well as the cutting edge of retail loss prevention techniques, procedures, and practices. With this as our goal, the reader will find some portions of this work to be authored by those contributing experts; their help will be appropriately identified and is herewith gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed by these contributors are exclusively theirs and may, or may not, be shared by your authors.

Similarly, when we mention a specific company or product by name, such mention is not meant as an endorsement but is done solely as a convenience to the reader should you wish to pursue more information.

Finally, it is our hope that this book will serve as a practical guide to solving those security/loss prevention issues encountered by the mom-and-pop store owner, the specialty retailer, and the big box regional and national chain stores. We have written it with the thought that readers will cover the spectrum of retailers, including drug, grocery, RTW, book, and convenience stores ranging from those with no loss prevention staff or training to sophisticated loss prevention departments with a vice president or CSO-level loss prevention executive. The book is also written with the thought it will assist attorneys involved with security/loss prevention litigation, providing them with generally accepted loss prevention practices and procedures.

In some cases a topic is covered by more than one author; this was not an oversight. Occasionally, we found different perspectives, nuances, or additional information which we felt both meritorious and deserving of consideration. In those instances, they are included.

Note: This book is not intended to provide legal advice or be a substitute for competent legal services. This book contains the opinions and ideas of its authors and contributors, and is intended to provide helpful and informative material on the topics covered. The authors specifically disclaim any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk incurred as a consequence by the use or application of any of the contents of this book. Whenever legal issues come into question, we urge that the services of a competent attorney be sought.

Introduction

Irrespective of the size of the company, from a single retail outlet to a multiunit chain of stores, and irrespective of the goods offered for sale to the public, be it high-end jewelry or a thrift shop, a wide variety of risks inherent to retail face management and must be addressed. At the risk of oversimplification, let’s briefly examine a single store which sells auto parts and review but a handful of the risks that must be considered:

• The receiving of incoming cartons of oil from a vendor can be less than the number reflected on the manifest. The missing oil creates a shortage which may result from a simple error or intentional theft by the shipper, or stolen from the shipper’s truck or trailer during its initial loading, an earlier delivery, or even during the current delivery.

• The store can be forcibly entered during the hours it’s closed, and goods can be carried out.

• The store’s daily receipts can be taken during a forcible entry, unless secured in a safe.

• The safe itself may be vulnerable to being carried out during a forcible entry.

• The store can be surreptitiously entered when it’s closed, without leaving evidence of a forcible entry by unknown means during which items are stolen.

• The many items of goods offered for sale can be stealthily stolen by customers (shoplifted).

• Goods can be pocketed by one or more employees and never paid for.

• Employees can sell items to friends or family members at discounted prices.

• Employees can sell items and not record the sale but rather pocket part or all of the sale proceeds.

• Employees can give away items to what appears to be legitimate customers but are in reality friends or associates.

The situations described here represent only a small sampling of the types of incidents which can easily drain profits and, in the extreme, threaten the continued life of a business.

Not included in these scenarios are criminal threats involving robbery, arson, credit card fraud, fraudulent and NSF checks, bomb threats, gift cards, returned merchandise fraud, as well as the potential for civil suits (with their concomitant damage awards) should merchants mishandle their response to such situations.

Two questions immediately come to mind: Who is going to deal with these problems? and How are they going to be dealt with? This book will provide suggested answers to both questions.

Who’s going to deal with these risks? Clearly, in a single store, the owner will need to address these issues, or in the absence of the owner, his or her manager. But what about the manager? We know of a manager in a ladies’ apparel store who ran the store, along with two part-time employees on Saturdays. The manager always arrived early in her station wagon and brought her own cash register. Half the sales were duly recorded on the store’s register, and the other sales she captured