Designer of Fighter Aircraft

By Birendranath Upadhyay

Designer of Fighter Aircraft, an ebook authored by birendranath upadhyay, one of the founder members of the helicopter industry in india, russia and ukraine, is a true story of corruption in military and civil aviation. this ebook is a narrative of misappropriation of public money by prime ministers, ministers, government officials, chairmen and managing directors of public sector companies, the white collared criminals disguised as aircraft designers & scientists and international businessmen. All of them collectively are committing the biggest heist in the history of mankind over the corpses of their own countrymen.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Birendranath Upadhyay
• Release date: Oct 2, 2013
• ISBN: 9781301150519

Birendranath Upadhyay

Birendranath Upadhyay (75 years) was born in village Sagarpali district Ballia state Uttar Pradesh in India. He passed his Higher Secondary School Examinations from D A V High School Asansol West Bengal. He is an Electrical Engineer from the National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur Jharkhand. He holds additional academic qualifications in Industrial Engineering and Business Management. Designer of Fighter Aircraft is the only e-book authored by him. Presently, he lives with his wife Sudha in Mumbai India. Readers may offer their comments at his e-mail address: [e-mail]

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Designer of Fighter Aircraft

By Birendranath Upadhyay

Smashwords Edition

Copyright©2013 Birendranath Upadhyay

Smashwords Edition, License Notes:

This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

Dedicated to

Babuji (Father) Ganeshdutt & Mai (Mother) Chandramukhi

INVICTUS & STOICAL

Out of the night that covers me,

Black as the pit from pole to pole

I thank whatever gods may be

For my unconquerable soul

In the fell clutch of circumstance

I have not winced nor cried aloud

Under the bludgeoning of chance

My head is bloody, but unbowed

Beyond this place of wrath and tears

Looms but the Horror of the shade,

And yet the menace of the years

Finds and shall find me unafraid

It matters not how strait the gate,

How charged with punishments the scroll

I am the master of my fate

I am the captain of my soul. [William Ernest Henley (1849-1903)]

CONTENTS

Prologue

Abbreviations

CHAPTER ONE - OIL DISCOVERY

Arabian Sea

ONGC

Drilling Rigs

Blowout

The Heliport

Project Report

Cabinet Approval

Purchase Order

Project Financing

Flight Inauguration

Fortunate Employee

CHAPTER TWO - SOVIET UNION

Defense Initiatives

Star War

Perestroika

Glasnost

Turning Point

Lithuania

Georgia

Estonia

Latvia

Ukraine

Belarus

Moldova

Azerbaijan

Kyrgyzstan

Uzbekistan

Tajikistan

Armenia

Turkmenistan

Kazakhstan

Russia

Mission Accomplished

CHAPTER THREE - RUSSIAN HELICOPTERS

Indian DGCA

Service Appreciated

Private Operator

Aviaexport

Republic of Tatars tan

Kazan City

KHP

Mesco Airlines

Overhaul & Maintenance

Name Changed

Promotion & Excellence

Helicopters Delivered

Corporate Level

ONGC Duty

Additional Responsibility

Civil Aviation

Alexander P Lavrentiev

Pawan Hans Advisory

Corrupt Reply

Mikhail L Mil

Motor Sich

Real Problem

Genuine Research

The Bankruptcy

A G Samusenko

Prime Minister

Vigilance Head

Avionexperts

Contract Renewal

National Duty

Whistle blowing one

Whistle blowing two

Abrupt Removal

Used Aero-engine

Life Extension One

Conclusion Report One

Life Extension Two

Conclusion Report Two

Sundaram Finance

Interoffice Memorandum

Whistle blowing three

Bogus Purchase

Reward to Informers

Whistle blowing four

Conclusion Report Three

Forged Letter

Life Extension Three

Vigilance Intervenes

Charge-sheet

Life Extension Four

Lieutenant General

New Boss

KHP Clarifies

Fraudulent Repair

Termination Stopped

Life Extension Five

Stop Payment

Third CMD

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Conclusion Report Four

Arunachal Pradesh

Conclusion Report Five

IPC

Life Extension Six

Nephew on Deputation

Sudden Transfer

Conclusion Report Six

Fresh Inquiry

Helicopter Business

Life Extension Seven

Regulatory Massacre

Irrelevant Type

Fraudulent Life Extensions

Whistle blower’s Law

Major Penalty

Offshore Fire

Air Logistics

Interview

Jagson Airlines

Verbal Admiration

Fifth CMD

Chandra Shekhar

Chittu Pandey

CBI Raid

Fraudulent Maintenance

Whistle blowing five

Helicopter Service

Mental Torture

Pawan Hans Board

Pay Revision

Superannuation

Amended Pay & Allowances

Rajsekhar Reddy

Gratuity Raise

Cruel Fraudster

Writ Petition

Points Urged

Prayers

Mid-air Accident

RTI Request

Gratuity Denied

Tawang Accident

Dorjee Khandu

Faulty Regulation

CMD’s Reply

DGCA’s Reply

Ajit Singh

The Judgment

Fraudulent Information

Supreme Court

Question of Law

The Order

Review Petition

CHAPTER FOUR - MILITARY AVIATION

Mi-8/Mi-17 Helicopter

OPK Oboronprom

Market Overview

Mi-17V5

Accidents

Competitive Bidding

Repair Depot

Maintenance Solutions

Vadim Ligay

Helicopter Unit

Mi-26 Helicopter

Mi-35 Hind E Helicopter

Kamov K-28 Helix-A Helicopter

Kamov K-31 Helix-B Helicopter

Antonov An-32

Mikoyan-Gurevich Mig-21

Mikoyan-Gurevich Mig-27 Bahadur

Mikoyan Mig-29/Mig-29K

Sukhoi-30MKI

Ilyushin Il-76

Ilyushin Il-78MKI

Ilyushin Il-38

BerievA-50

Tupolev Tu-142

Ground Reality

Fresh Contracts

Patriotic Loyalty

CHAPTER FIVE - DESIGNERS & DEVELOPERS

Inaugural Haranguing

Impudent Bragging

Wright Brothers

Hugo Junkers

Andrei Tupolev

Focke-Wulf

Instrument Flight

Golden Age

Folland Gnat

Kurt Tank

Hawker Siddeley

Alouette III

Alouette II

Mikoyan-Gurevich

Sepecat Jaguar

Fairchild-Dornier

Dassault Mirage

Sukhoi Aircraft

BAE Hawk

LCA Program

Transport Aircraft

MBB

ALH-Rudra

Intermediate Trainer

Combat Helicopter

Fifth Generation

The Misappropriation

The PMO

CHAPTER SIX - OFFSET & INDIGENIZATION

Offset Contract

Competitive Tender

Double Standard

Flying Skills

Montreal Returned

Grounding Airbus

Grounding Westland

Rajiv Gandhi

VVIP Helicopters

Manpower Shortage

Tata Systems

Indigenization

Designer Scientists

CHAPTER SEVEN - FAKE ESTABLISHMENTS

Defense Research

Maintenance Command

CHAPTER EIGHT - PILOTS & MANUFACTURERS

JRD Tata

Self – destruction

Boeing

Airbus

Dassault Rafale

Fighting Falcon

Army Aviation

Mid-air Refueled

Globe Master

Sukhoi Again

Flight Safety

Epilogue

Acknowledgements

The Author

Prologue

The word vigilance means watchfulness or wakefulness or on guard or a planned effort to uncover and punish corruption and bribery. It is a wide term and not job specific. Every citizen is responsible to be vigilant on duty. There was never ever any requirement to have a separate Vigilance Department in the Government of India in absence of the proper job description, duty and responsibility.

I have presented myself as a victim, but that is not the point. Every Indian must know that the Director-General of Civil Aviation in the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India continues to allow the flying of the unserviceable Russian Mi-172 helicopters (Flying Coffins) in the Civil Aviation of the country.

The selection of the chief executive officers of the public sector units by the Public Enterprises Selection Board in the Defense, Aviation and Oil & Gas sectors is open to suspicion. The Office of the Prime Minister of India itself may be directly responsible for such appointments.

Secondly, the word indigenization has been overly emphasized by the prime ministers of India, the defense ministers of India, the scientists of the defense research and development organizations, bureaucrats and the public sector officials since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Air Defense Preparedness of India has been nearly ruined due to lack of innovative and inventing capabilities.

Abbreviations

AAF Azerbaijan Air Force

AAI Airports Authority of India

ACC Appointment Committee of the Cabinet

ACCA Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce Association

ADA Aeronautical Development Agency

ADB Asian Development Bank

AEWS Airborne Early Warning System

AIA Aerospace Industries Association

ALH Advanced Light Helicopter

ALTP Airline License of Transport Pilot

AMCA Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft

ARBS Aerial Refueling Boom System

ASW Anti-submarine Warfare

ATR Awadh Tirhut Railways

AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System

AZAL Azerbaijan Airlines

BA Bachelor of Arts

BIFR Board of Industrial Finance and Reconstruction

BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization

BOP Blow-out Preventer

BRD Base Repair Depot

BSE Mumbai Stock Exchange

BSF Border Security Force

BTPA Benami (Nameless) Transaction Prohibition Act

C of A Certificate of Airworthiness

CAA Civil Aviation Authority

CAR Civil Aviation Requirements

CBI Central Bureau of Investigation

CCEA Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CII Confederation of Indian Industries

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States

CMD Chairman & Managing Director

COTS Commercial off-the-shelf

CPSE Central Public Sector Enterprise

CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

CTC Cost-to-Company

CTE Chief Technical Examiner

CVC Central Vigilance Commissioner

CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder

DAC Defense Acquisition Council

DFDR Digital Flight Data Recorder

DGCA Director General of Civil Aviation

DPC Departmental Promotion Committee

DRDO Defense Research and Development Organization

EADS European Aeronautics Defense and Space

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EDB Experimental Design Bureau

ELINT Electronic Intelligence

EU European Union

F&A Finance & Accounts

FA Faculty of Arts

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FGFA Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft

FHS Flight Hour Services

FICCI Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

FIR First Information Report

FLIR Forward Looking Infra-red

FOC Final Operation Clearance

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GM General Manager

GPALS Global Protection against Limited Strikes

GPS Global Positioning System

GTRE Gas Turbine Research Establishment

GUAM Georgia Ukraine Azerbaijan Moldova

GVHL Global Vectra Helicorp Limited

HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

HOD Head of the Department

HOTAS Hands-on-throttle and stick

HUD Head-up Display

IAC Interstate Aviation Committee

IAF Indian Air Force

IAI Israel Aircraft Industries

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IDB Islamic Development Bank

IFF Identify Friend or Foe

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

IIM Indian Institute of Management

IJT Intermediate Jet Trainer

IMF International Monetary Fund

IOC Initial Operational Clearance

IPC Illustrated Parts Catalogue

IPKF Indian Peace Keeping Force

ISRO Indian Space Research Organization

IST Indian Standard Time

IT Information Technology

JSF Joint Strike Fighter

KHP Kazan Helicopter Plant

LCA Light Combat Aircraft

LCH Light Combat Helicopter

LGB Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi

LOC Line of Control

LOI Letter of Intent

LUH Light Utility Helicopter

MAD Mutually Assured Destruction

MARS Mid-air Refueling System

MEL Minimum Equipment List

MFN Most Favored Nation

MHN Mumbai High North

MHS Mumbai High South

MIC Military-Industrial Complex

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MP Member of Parliament

MPS Multi-purpose Support

MRTT Multi role Tanker Transport

MTA Multi-role Transport Aircraft

NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

NAIC National Air Intelligence Centre

NAL National Aerospace Laboratories

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NEFA North Eastern Frontier Assam

NHAI National Highway Authority of India

NSE National Stock Exchange

OAM Original Aircraft Manufacturer

ODA Overseas Development Administration

OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer

OKB Construction Bureau

ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited

OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

PDC Primary Design Contract

PESB Public Enterprises Selection Board

PIL Public Interest Litigation

PMF Prospective Multi-role Fighter

PMO Prime Minister's Office

PSU Public Sector Undertaking

QCM Quality Control Manager

RAF Russian Air Force

RAW Research and Analysis Wing

RFP Request for Proposal

RIN Retirement Index Number

RNA Russian Naval Aviation

R&D Research & Development

RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangha

SAR Search and Rescue

SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization

SDI Strategic Defense Initiative

SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Organization

SFC Strategic Forces Command

SICA Sick Industries Company Act

SLL Service Life Limit

SLP Special Leave Petition

SPARC Saint Petersburg Aircraft Repair Company

SSD Section of Special Designs

STOL Short Take-off and Landing

TAF Tajikistan Air Force

TAM Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing Company

TBO Time between Overhaul

TsAGI Central Aero and Hydrodynamics Institute

UAC United Aircraft Corporation

UAE United Arab Emirates

UAF Uzbekistan Air Force

UIA Ukraine International Airlines

UN United Nations

UPSC Union Public Service Commission

US United States of America

USAF United States Air Force

USC United Shipbuilding Corporation

USD United States of America Dollars

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

VDIS Voluntary Disclosure Income Scheme

VEF Valsts Elektrotehniska Fabrika

VFR Visual Flight Rules

VIP Very Important Person

WTO World Trade Organization

CHAPTER ONE - OIL DISCOVERY

If I have ever made any valuable discoveries, it has been owed more to patient attention, than to any other talent.

- Isaac Newton

Bombay High is an offshore oilfield 160 kilometers off the coast of Mumbai India in the Arabian Sea. Bombay High field was discovered by a Russian and his team operating from the seismic exploration vessel Academic Arkhangelsky during the mapping of the Gulf of Cambay in 1964–1967.

Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the south by north-eastern Somalia, on the east by India and on the west by the Arabian Peninsula. Two of the ancient names of this water body were Sindhu Sagar and the Erythraean Sea.

The Arabian Sea has two important branches – the Gulf of Aden in the southwest connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb and the Gulf of Oman to the north-west connecting with the Persian Gulf. Gulf of Cambay or Khambat and Gulf of Kutch are also there on the Indian coast.

ONGC

The Bombay High or now the Mumbai High oil fields consist of two blocks named MHN and MHS. The blocks were divided based on the shale barrier assisting in independent exploitation of reserves at the north and south fields of the Mumbai High.

Drilling Rigs

The jack-up drilling rigs are used for exploration of oil in offshore. A jack-up rig is a self-elevating unit and is a type of mobile platform. It consists of a buoyant hull fitted with a number of movable legs and capable of raising its hull over the surface of the sea. The buoyant hull enables transportation of the unit and all attached machinery to a desired location.

Once on the location, the hull is raised to the required elevation above the sea surface on its legs supported by the sea bed. The legs of the unit may be designed to penetrate the sea bed or may be provided with enlarged structure having additional ballast water at the bottom of each leg. Generally, jack-up rig is not self-propelled and it is a floating barge.

Blow Out

The blow out occurred on the night of 30th July 1982 under the jack up rig Sagar Vikas during the exploration in the Bombay High oilfields of ONGC, India. The Rig was drilling the well into a new formation where available geological and reservoir data suggested the presence of hydrocarbons.

The blow-out was caused when a specialized device called the BOP on the mouth of well SJ-5 failed to contain the high pressure at which gas and oil started oozing out of the 1,600 meters deep hole.

Also, fire broke out in the well in early morning on 02nd August 1982. The ONGC and its contractors pressed into service multi-purpose offshore support vessels, helicopters of the IAF as well as Indian Navy and Coast Guard ships to fight the gigantic fire.

Paul Neil Adair of Red Adair & Company was an American oil well fire-fighter. He had become world notable as an innovator in the highly specialized and extremely hazardous profession of extinguishing and capping, blazing and erupting oil well blow-outs; both land-based and offshore.

Raymond Henry, Billy Dreyer and Danny Clayton of the Red Adair team arrived on 03rd August 1982. The blow-out situation underwent a significant change on 05th August 1982 in the late afternoon when the fire died out. However, the blow-out and the flow of reservoir fluid & gas, muck, crude oil and stones continued.

Red Adair reached Mumbai on 11th August 1982. In a maneuver preliminary to the capping and killing of the blowing out well SJ-5 at Bombay High, ONGC and Red Adair team landed on the helideck of the fire ravaged jack up rig Sagar Vikas on 23rd August 1982 flown by Okanagan Helicopters, a Canadian company.

This was the first landing on the rig since the blow-out on 30th July 1982. The team inspected the rig and the platform adjacent to it for capping and killing the well.

44 days after it blew-out, the well SJ-5 at Bombay High was fitted with a new well-head on 11th September 1982. The well SJ-5 was totally capped with the closing of the ramps of the specially fabricated blow-out preventer. Next day, the well was finally killed by pumping cementing mud into it.

The Heliport

13 nos. of jack-up rigs, bought or hired, were located in Mumbai High; Heera, Ratna and Godavari basin oilfields. Out of these jack-up rigs, only the Sagar Samrat was self-propelled. Helideck of approximately 25.3 meter cube in size had been provided on every jack-up rig for landing and take-off of a Russian Mi-8 helicopter.

ONGC had been operating 10 nos. of process platforms for processing, pumping, supply to tankers, water injection and drilling. Large platform complexes like MHN and MHS were a cluster of more than one platform connected by bridges. Helideck for landing and take-off of a Russian Mi–8 helicopter had been provided on every process platform.

ONGC had been operating 48 nos. of unmanned well platforms. Well platforms are used for drilling more than two wells with the help of jack-up rigs. Oil or gas from these platforms is collected and transported to the process platforms through pipelines. Helideck for landing and take-off of a medium size helicopter had been provided on every unmanned well platform.

Project Report

On 31st January 1985, the Government of India set up a Committee to study and submit a report for the formation of a Public Sector Undertaking to operate helicopter services under the chairmanship of Captain K Chadha, Managing Director, Indian Airlines.

On 14th March 1985, the Committee submitted the Report that Helicopter Corporation should be formed in the Public Sector to meet the needs of the Oil Industry, in particular those of ONGC. The Committee also felt that the Corporation should study to identify details of requirement for the hilly terrain, natural calamities and intra-city transport as well as tourist charters.

Cabinet Approval

On 09th September 1985, the Cabinet of the Government of India approved the proposal of the Department of Civil Aviation for the establishment under the Companies Act 1956 of a Company to undertake the helicopter operations for the Petroleum Sector and other requirements.

On 15th October 1985, the Helicopter Corporation of India was registered as a Government company under the Companies Act 1956. The authorized share capital of the Helicopter Corporation of India initially was Rupees 500 million. It was divided into 50,000 equity shares of Rupees 10,000 each. The share capital was to be contributed by the Central Government (51%) and ONGC (49%).

An Executive Helicopter Pilot as the Chairman & Managing Director, two Joint Secretaries or above in the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Director General of Civil Aviation, Director (Offshore) ONGC and Director (Transport) Air Headquarters, IAF will constitute the Board of Directors of the Helicopter Corporation of India as per the decision of the, Ministry of Civil Aviation of India.

The Headquarters or the Corporate Office of the Company will be at Palika Kendra, Parliament Street, New Delhi. The administration of the helicopter operations will be divided into two regions – Western Region, Juhu Airport, Mumbai and Northern Region, Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi.

Purchase Order

Helicopter Corporation of India placed the purchase order for the acquisition of 21 nos. of Westland W–30 helicopters for multiple role manufactured by Westland Helicopters Limited, Yeovil, England.

Helicopter Corporation of India placed the purchase order for the acquisition of 21 nos. of SA365N Dauphin helicopters for Offshore Role and 6 nos. of SA365N Dauphin helicopters for VIP role manufactured by Aerospatiale, Marignane, France.

Project Financing

The supply package of the Westland helicopters provided for a grant-in-aid from the British Government of Pound Sterling 65 million. It was understood that this grant will be on a Government to Government level and as such the Department of Economic Affairs will decide on the utilization of this grant and the pattern of financing for the purchase of Westland helicopters by Helicopter Corporation of India.

Aerospatiale France offered the financing package with 50% of the total amount of contract covered by draft on a soft loan granted by the French Treasury (28 years, grace period of 10 years with interest rate of 2.5% per year) and 50% of the total amount of contract covered by a Buyers Credit to be granted through French Banks (10 years with interest rate of 9.5% per year).

Flight Inauguration

The air services of the Helicopter Corporation of India, the fourth wing (first Air India, second Indian Airlines & third Vayudoot) of the Civil Aviation in the country began on 04th October 1986 at Santa Cruz International Airport, Bombay. Rajiv Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated the maiden Westland W–30 helicopter flight to one of the offshore platforms of ONGC.

Speaking at the formal inauguration of the Corporation at the Airport Terminal, the Prime Minister said, Despite the progress made by this country in civil aviation since independence, it had so far not ventured into the area of rotary wing. Rajiv Gandhi said that initially the helicopters will be used by the ONGC. Subsequently, the helicopters will be deployed for connecting the rest of the country with backward areas for their development.

The Officer on Special Duty with the Corporation, Wing Commander K K Saini traced its formative history. He said that during the previous eleven months, several contracts had been signed to acquire helicopters and the infrastructural facilities would be set up in Bombay and Delhi. The Corporation would receive 46 nos. of helicopters in the next 14 months.

Those present at the function were the Union Transport Minister Mohsina Kidwai, the Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jagdish Tytler, Union Minister of State for Surface Transport Rajesh Pilot, Civil Aviation officials and Group Captain B K Dhir, General Manager, Western Region of the Corporation.

Fortunate Employee

I joined Helicopter Corporation of India, a Government of India Enterprise under the Ministry of Civil Aviation as Deputy Manager at Juhu Airport Mumbai on 10th December 1986.

On 17th December 1986, Group Captain B K Dhir, General Manager, Western Region Helicopter Corporation of India inaugurated the first flight of the French SA365N Dauphin helicopter from Juhu Airport to the Mumbai High, ONGC offshore platform. Madan Kapoor, Assistant Director, ONGC was the Chief Guest.

The Westland W-30 helicopters were deployed on ONGC, Vaishno Devi, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram duties. The SA365N Dauphin helicopters were used by ONGC, Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

With effect from 01st March 1988, the name of Helicopter Corporation of India Limited was changed to Pawan Hans Limited (Pawan Hans, a word in Hindi language, when translated in English, is Swan in the sky).

On 01st March 1988, I was promoted as Manager by the Management of Pawan Hans at Juhu Airport Mumbai.

CHAPTER TWO - SOVIET UNION

The love of one’s country is a splendid thing. But, why should love stop at the border?

- Pablo Casals

The USSR was a constitutionally socialist state that existed between 1922 and 1991. It was ruled as a single party state by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. A union of fifteen sub-national Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized.

Defense Initiatives

The SDI was proposed by the US President Ronald Reagan on 23rd March 1983 to use ground and space based systems to protect the United States of America from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offence doctrine of MAD. The SDIO was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the SDI. This program in the world history is known as ‘Star War’.

Star War

Ronald Reagan was elected president of US in 1980 and he never believed détente with the Soviet Union was feasible or desirable. He made a speech in 1983 and labeled the Soviet Union an evil empire. He announced the SDI as a counter to the massive buildup of the Soviet Union militarily striving for parity with the combined forces of the NATO plus China. As a result,