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    The Right to Privacy
    The Right to Privacy
    The Right to Privacy
    Ebook73 pages1 hour

    The Right to Privacy

    By Samuel D. (Samuel Dennis) Warren and Louis Dembitz Brandeis

    ()

    Read preview
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherArchive Classics
    Release dateNov 27, 2013
    The Right to Privacy

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      Book preview

      The Right to Privacy - Samuel D. (Samuel Dennis) Warren

      The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Right to Privacy, by

      Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis

      This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

      almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or

      re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

      with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

      Title: The Right to Privacy

      Author: Samuel D. Warren

      Louis D. Brandeis

      Release Date: September 9, 2011 [EBook #37368]

      Language: English

      *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY ***

      Produced by Jana Srna, Matthew Wheaton and the Online

      Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This

      book was produced from scanned images of public domain

      material from the Google Print project.)

      HARVARD LAW REVIEW

      Vol. IV

      1890-91

      CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

      Published by the Harvard Law Review Publishing Association

      1891

      Copyright, 1891

      By the Harvard Law Review Publishing Association

      HARVARD

      LAW REVIEW.

      THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY.

      It could be done only on principles of private justice, moral fitness, and public convenience, which, when applied to a new subject, make common law without a precedent; much more when received and approved by usage.

      Willes, J., in Millar v. Taylor, 4 Burr. 2303, 2312.

      That the individual shall have full protection in person and in property is a principle as old as the common law; but it has been found necessary from time to time to define anew the exact nature and extent of such protection. Political, social, and economic changes entail the recognition of new rights, and the common law, in its eternal youth, grows to meet the demands of society. Thus, in very early times, the law gave a remedy only for physical interference with life and property, for trespasses vi et armis. Then the right to life served only to protect the subject from battery in its various forms; liberty meant freedom from actual restraint; and the right to property secured to the individual his lands and his cattle. Later, there came a recognition of man's spiritual nature, of his feelings and his intellect. Gradually the scope of these legal rights broadened; and now the right to life has come to mean the right to enjoy life,—the right to be let alone; the right to liberty secures the exercise of extensive civil privileges; and the term property has grown to comprise every form of possession—intangible, as well as tangible.

      Thus, with the recognition of the legal value of sensations, the protection against actual bodily injury was extended to prohibit mere attempts to do such injury; that is, the putting another in fear of such injury. From the action of battery grew that of assault.[1] Much later there came a qualified protection of the individual against offensive noises and odors, against dust and smoke, and excessive vibration. The law of nuisance was developed.[2] So regard for human emotions soon extended the scope of personal immunity beyond the body of the individual. His reputation, the standing among his fellow-men, was considered, and the law of slander and libel arose.[3] Man's family relations became a part of the legal conception of his life, and the alienation of a wife's affections was held remediable.[4] Occasionally the law halted,—as in its refusal to recognize the intrusion by seduction upon the honor of the family. But even here the demands of society were met. A mean fiction, the action per quod servitium amisit, was resorted to, and by allowing damages for injury to the parents' feelings, an adequate remedy was ordinarily afforded.[5] Similar to the expansion of the right to life was the growth of the legal conception of property. From corporeal property arose the incorporeal rights issuing out of it; and then there opened the wide realm of intangible property, in the products and processes of the mind,[6] as works of literature and art,[7] goodwill,[8] trade secrets, and trade-marks.[9]

      This development of the law was inevitable. The intense intellectual and emotional life, and the heightening of sensations which came with the advance of civilization, made it clear to men that only a part of the pain, pleasure, and profit of life lay in physical things. Thoughts, emotions, and sensations demanded legal recognition, and the beautiful capacity for growth which characterizes the common law enabled the judges to afford the requisite protection, without the interposition of the legislature.

      Recent inventions and business methods call attention to the next step which must be taken for the protection of the person, and for securing to the individual what Judge Cooley calls the right to be let alone.[10] Instantaneous photographs and newspaper enterprise have invaded the sacred precincts of private and domestic life; and numerous mechanical devices threaten to make good the prediction that what is whispered in the closet shall be proclaimed from the house-tops. For years there has been a feeling that the law must afford some remedy for the unauthorized circulation of portraits of private persons;[11] and the evil of the invasion of

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