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    The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments
    The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments
    The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments
    Ebook74 pages39 minutes

    The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments

    By Robert P. Multhauf

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    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherArchive Classics
    Release dateNov 26, 2013
    The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments

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      Book preview

      The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments - Robert P. Multhauf

      The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Introduction of Self-Registering

      Meteorological Instruments, by Robert P. Multhauf

      This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

      almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or

      re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

      with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

      Title: The Introduction of Self-Registering Meteorological Instruments

      Author: Robert P. Multhauf

      Release Date: May 22, 2010 [EBook #32482]

      Language: English

      *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELF-REG. METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS ***

      Produced by Colin Bell, Louise Pattison and the Online

      Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

      Contributions from

      The Museum of History and Technology:

      Paper 23

      The Introduction of Self-Registering

      Meteorological Instruments

      Robert P. Multhauf

      THE FIRST SELF-REGISTERING INSTRUMENTS     99

      SELF-REGISTERING SYSTEMS    105

      CONCLUSIONS    114

      The Introduction of

      SELF-REGISTERING

      METEOROLOGICAL

      INSTRUMENTS

      Robert P. Multhauf

      The development of self-registering meteorological instruments began very shortly after that of scientific meteorological observation itself. Yet it was not until the 1860's, two centuries after the beginning of scientific observation, that the self-registering instrument became a factor in meteorology.

      This time delay is attributable less to deficiencies in the techniques of instrument-making than to deficiencies in the organisation of meteorology itself. The critical factor was the establishment in the 1860's of well-financed and competently directed meteorological observatories, most of which were created as adjuncts to astronomical observatories.

      The Author: Robert P. Multhauf is head curator of the department of science and technology in the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

      The flowering of science in the 17th century was accompanied by an efflorescence of instrument invention as luxurious as that of science itself. Although there were foreshadowing events, this flowering seems to have owed much to Galileo, whose interest in the measurement of natural phenomena is well known, and who is himself credited with the invention of the thermometer and the hydrostatic balance, both of which he devised in connection with experimentation on specific scientific problems. Many, if not most, of the other Italian instrument inventors of the early 17th century were his disciples. Benedetto Castelli, being interested in the effect of rainfall on the level of a lake, constructed a rain gauge about 1628. Santorio, well known as a pioneer in the quantification of animal physiology, is credited with observations, about 1626, that led to the development of the hygrometer.

      Both of these contemporaries were interested in Galileo's most famous invention, the thermoscope—forerunner of the thermometer—which he developed about 1597 as a method of obtaining comparisons of temperature. The utility of the instrument was immediately recognized by physicists (not by chemists, oddly enough), and much ingenuity was expended on its perfection over a 50-year period, in northern Europe as well as in Italy. The conversion of this open, air-expansion thermoscope into the modern thermometer was accomplished by the Florentine Accademia del Cimento about 1660.

      Figure 1.—A set of typical Smithsonian meteorological instruments as recommended in instructions to observers issued by the Institution in the 1850's. Top (from left): maximum-minimum thermometer of Professor Phillips, dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers, and mercurial barometer by Green of New York. Lower left: rain gauge. The wet-bulb

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