The Story of Switzerland

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Title: The Story of Switzerland

Author: Lina Hug

        Richard Stead

Release Date: May 14, 2012 [EBook #39695]

Language: English

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF SWITZERLAND ***

Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Josephine Paolucci and the

Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net.

ANCIENT SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS, ZURICH LAKE. (From Design by Dr. F. Keller.)

The Story of the Nations

THE STORY OF SWITZERLAND

BY

LINA HUG

AND

RICHARD STEAD

NEW YORK

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

London: T. FISHER UNWIN

1890

Copyright, 1890

by

G. P. Putnam's Sons

Entered at Stationer's Hall, London

By T. Fisher Unwin

Press of

G. P. Putnam's Sons

New York

THE STORY OF THE NATIONS

12MO, ILLUSTRATED. PER VOL., $1.50

THE EARLIER VOLUMES ARE

THE STORY OF GREECE. By Prof. Jas. A. Harrison

THE STORY OF ROME. By Arthur Gilman

THE STORY OF THE JEWS. By Prof. Jas. K. Hosmer

THE STORY OF CHALDEA. By Z. A. Ragozin

THE STORY OF GERMANY. By S. Baring-Gould

THE STORY OF NORWAY. By Prof. H. H. Boyesen

THE STORY OF SPAIN. By E. E. and Susan Hale

THE STORY OF HUNGARY. By Prof. A. Vámbéry

THE STORY OF CARTHAGE. By Prof. Alfred J. Church

THE STORY OF THE SARACENS. By Arthur Gilman

THE STORY OF THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By Stanley Lane-Poole

THE STORY OF THE NORMANS. By Sarah O. Jewett

THE STORY OF PERSIA. By S. G. W. Benjamin

THE STORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. By Geo. Rawlinson

THE STORY OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By Prof. J. P. Mahaffy

THE STORY OF ASSYRIA. By Z. A. Ragozin

THE STORY OF IRELAND. By Hon. Emily Lawless

THE STORY OF THE GOTHS. By Henry Bradley

THE STORY OF TURKEY. By Stanley Lane-Poole

THE STORY OF MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA. By Z. A. Ragozin

THE STORY OF MEDIÆVAL FRANCE. By Gustave Masson

THE STORY OF MEXICO. By Susan Hale

THE STORY OF HOLLAND. By James E. Thorold Rogers

THE STORY OF PHŒNICIA. By George Rawlinson

THE STORY OF THE HANSA TOWNS. By Helen Zimmern

THE STORY OF EARLY BRITAIN. By Prof. Alfred J. Church

THE STORY OF THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. By Stanley Lane-Poole

THE STORY OF RUSSIA. By W. R. Morfill.

THE STORY OF THE JEWS UNDER ROME. By W. D. Morrison.

THE STORY OF SCOTLAND. By James Mackintosh.

For prospectus of the series see end of this volume

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, NEW YORK AND LONDON

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

TO

PROFESSOR GEORG VON WYSS

AND

PROFESSOR G. MEYER VON KNONAU

PREFACE.

For many reasons, some of which are obvious to the least thoughtful, the history of Switzerland is peculiarly interesting, and not least so to English-speaking peoples. In the first place, the playground of Europe is every year visited by large numbers of British and Americans, some of whom indeed are familiar with almost every corner of it. Then to the Anglo-Saxon race the grand spectacle of a handful of freemen nobly struggling for and maintaining their freedom, often amidst enormous difficulties, and against appalling odds, cannot but be heart-stirring. To the citizen of the great American republic a study of the constitution of the little European republic should bring both interest and profit—a constitution resembling in many points that of his own country, and yet in many other respects so different. And few readers, of whatever nationality, can, we think, peruse this story without a feeling of admiration for a gallant people who have fought against oppression as the Swiss have fought, who have loved freedom as they have loved it, and who have performed the well-nigh incredible feats of arms the Switzers have performed. And as Sir Francis O. Adams and Mr. Cunningham well point out in their recently published work on the Swiss Confederation, as a study in constitutional history, the value of the story of the development of the Confederation can hardly be over-estimated.

Few of the existing accounts of Swiss history which have appeared in the English language go back beyond the year 1291 a.d., the date of the earliest Swiss League, and of course Switzerland as a nation cannot boast of an earlier origin. But surely some account should be given of the previous history of the men who founded the League. For a country which has been occupied at different periods by lakemen, Helvetians, and Romans; where Alamanni, Burgundians, and Franks have played their parts; where Charlemagne lived and ruled, and Charles the Bold fought; where the great families of the Zaerings, the Kyburgs, and Savoy struggled; and whence the now mighty house of Habsburg sprang (and domineered)—all this before 1291—a country with such a story to tell of its earlier times, we say, should not have that story left untold. Accordingly in this volume the history of the period before the formation of the Confederation has been dwelt upon at some little length. It should be mentioned, too, that in view of the very general interest caused by the remarkable discovery of the Swiss lake settlements a few years ago, a chapter has been devoted to the subject.

Mindful, however, of the superior importance of the formation and progress of the Confederation, an endeavour has been made to trace that progress step by step, showing how men differing in race, in language, in creed, and in mode of life, combined to resist the common enemy, and to build up the compact little state, we now see playing its part on the European stage. The whole teaching of the history of the country may be summed up in Mr. Coolidge's words, in his History of the Swiss Confederation (p. 65). Swiss history teaches us, all the way through, that Swiss liberty has been won by a close union of many small states. And Mr. Coolidge adds an opinion that it will be best preserved by the same means, and not by obliterating all local peculiarities, nowhere so striking, nowhere so historically important as in Switzerland.

It remains to add a few words as to the authorities consulted by the writers of this little volume. The standard Swiss histories have naturally been largely used, such as those of Dr. Carl Dändliker, Dierauer, Vulliemin, Daguet, Strickler, Vögelin, and Weber (Universal History). Amongst other histories and miscellaneous writings—essays, pamphlets, and what not—may be mentioned those of Dr. Ferdinand Keller, Wartmann, Heer, Heierli, Von Arx, Mommsen, Burkhardt, Morel, Marquardt, Dahn, Büdinger, Secretan, Von Wyss, Meyer von Knonau, Schweizer, Finsler, Roget, Bächtold, Marcmonnier, Rambert, Hettner, Scherer, Roquette, Freytag, Pestalozzi, Schulze, and Kern. Amongst the English works consulted are Freeman's writings, the Letters of the Parker Society, Adams and Cunningham's Swiss Confederation, Coolidge's reprint from the Encyclopædia Britannica of the article on the History of the Swiss Confederation, Bryce's Holy Roman Empire, &c.

The authors are indebted for most kind and valuable assistance to several eminent Swiss scholars. To Prof. Georg von Wyss and Prof. Meyer von Knonau special thanks are due, whilst Prof. Kesselring, Herr J. Heierli, and others, have shown much helpful interest in the progress of the work. They also owe many thanks to Dr. Imhoof, who has most kindly furnished them with casts from his famous collection of coins; and to the eminent sculptors, Vela and Lanz, who have given permission to use photographs of their latest works for illustration purposes.

Zurich and Folkestone, July, 1890.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface ix

Table of Cantons xiii

Table Showing Names, Areas, and Populations Of Cantons xxiv

I.

The Lake Dwellers 1-12

Discovery of Lake Settlements—Dr. Ferdinand Keller's explorations—Three distinct epochs—Daily life of the Lakemen—Lake Settlements in East Yorkshire.

II.

The Helvetians 13-28

Extent of their territory—Their government and mode of life—Orgetorix—Divico beats the Roman forces—Cæsar routs Helvetians—Vercingetorix—Valisians—Rhætians.

III.

Helvetia under the Romans 29-43

Cæsar's mode of dealing with Helvetia—Augustus—Helvetia incorporated into Gaul—Vespasian—Alamanni and Burgundians—Christianity introduced.

IV.

The Ancestors of the Swiss Nation 44-57

The Huns and their ravages—Alamanni—Burgundians—The Nibelungenlied—The Franks subdue both Alamanni and Burgundians—Irish monks preach in Switzerland.

V.

The Carolingians—Charlemagne 58-70

Pepin le Bref—Charlemagne—His connection with Zurich.

VI.

The Kingdom of Burgundy; the Duchy of Swabia; and the German Empire 71-82

Division of Charlemagne's territory into three—Rudolf the Guelf—Swabian Dukes—Genealogical tables.

VII.

Burgundy and Swabia under the German Emperors 85-94

Bertha, the Spinning Queen—Her son Conrad—Helvetia in close connection with Germany—Henry III.—Struggle with the Papal power.

VIII.

The Reign of the House of Zaeringen 95-100

Their origin—Freiburg and other towns founded—Bern founded—Defeated by Savoy—The Crusades.

IX.

The Houses of Kyburg, Savoy, and Habsburg 101-117

Fall of the Zaerings—Kyburg dynasty—Growth of Feudalism—The Hohenstaufen—Savoy—Rise of the Habsburgs—Rudolf.

X.

The Confederation, Or Eidgenossenschaft 118-130

The Forest Cantons—The Oath on the Rütli—Rudolf oppresses the Waldstätten—Tell and the apple—Investigation as to the facts relating to the foundation of the League.

XI.

The Battle of Morgarten 131-137

Attempt on Zurich by the Habsburgs—Albrecht—Gathering of the Wald peoples—Austrian defeat.

XII.

The League of the Eight States 139-146

Lucerne joins the League—Zurich follows—War with Austria—Glarus attached to the League as an inferior or protected State—Zug joins the Union—Bern.

XIII.

Zurich an example of a Swiss Town in The Middle Ages 147-157

Abbey Church of our Lady—Influence of the Lady Abbess—Citizens in three classes—They gradually gain freedom—Trade of the city—Zurich a literary centre—Uprising of the working classes—A new constitution.

XIV.

Bern Crushes the Nobility: Great Victory Of Laupen 158-166

Bern of a military bent—Forms a West Swiss Union—Siege of Solothurn—Bern opposes the Habsburgs—Acquires Laupen—Victory at Laupen—League of the Eight States completed.

XV.

The Battles of Sempach and Naefels 167-178

Opposition to Austria—Leopold III., Character of—His plans—Defeat and death at Sempach—Winkelried—Battle of Naefels.

XVI.

How Switzerland came to have Subject Lands 179-189

Acquisition of surrounding territories desirable—Appenzell—Valais—Graubünden—Aargau—Quarrels with Milan.

XVII.

War between Zurich and Schwyz 190-199

Dispute concerning Toggenburg lands—Stüssi of Zurich and Von Reding of Schwyz—Zurich worsted—Makes alliance with Austria—France joins the alliance—Battle of St. Jacques.

XVIII.

Burgundian Wars 200-216

Charles the Bold—Louis XI. of France—Causes which led to the war—Policy of Bern—Commencement of hostilities—Battle of Grandson—Morat—Siege of Nancy and death of Charles.

XIX.

Meeting at Stanz, &c. 217-229

Prestige gained by the League—Disputes respecting the admission of Freiburg and Solothurn—Diet at Stanz—Nicolas von der Flüe—Covenant of Stanz—Waldmann—His execution.

XX.

The League of the Thirteen Cantons Completed 230-242

Maximilian—Swabian War—Separation of Switzerland from the Empire—Basel joins the League—Schaffhausen—Appenzell—Italian wars—Siege of Novara—Battle of Marignano—St. Gall.

XXI.

The Great Councils, Landsgemeinde, and Diet, &c. 243-253

Two kinds of Canton—Constitution of Bern and of Zurich—Landsgemeinde—Tagsatzung—Intellectual and literary life.

XXII.

The Reformation in German Switzerland 254-268

Zwingli—His early life—His desire for a reformation—Appointed to Zurich—A national Reformed Church established—Spread of the new faith—The Kappeler Milchsuppe—Disputes between Luther and Zwingli—Second quarrel with the Forest—Zwingli killed.

XXIII.

The Reformation in West Switzerland 269-278

Political condition of Vaud and Geneva—Charles III. and Geneva—The Ladle Squires—Bonivard thrown into Chillon—Reformed faith preached in French Switzerland by Farel—Treaty of St. Julien—Operations in Savoy.

XXIV.

Geneva and Calvin 279-290

Calvin—His Institutes—His Confession of Faith—Banishment from Geneva—His return—The Consistoire—The Children of Geneva—Servetus burnt—The Academy founded—Calvin's death.

XXV.

The Catholic Reaction 291-302

Droit d'asile—Pfyffer—Carlo Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan—Borromean League—Protestants driven from Locarno—Switzerland an asylum for religious refugees—Effect of Swiss Reformation on England—Revival of learning—Escalade of Geneva.

XXVI.

The Aristocratic Period 303-314

Thirty Years' War—Graubünden and its difficulties—Massacre in Valtellina—Rohan—Jenatsch—Peasants' Revolt—Treaty with France.

XXVII.

Political Matters in the Eighteenth Century 315-323

Aristocracy and plebeians—French League—Massacre at Greifensee—Davel's plot—Bern—Its three castes—Constitutional struggles in Geneva—Affray in Neuchâtel.

XXVIII.

Switzerland and the Renaissance: Influence of Voltaire and Rousseau 324-342

Voltaire—Residence at Ferney—No special influence on Geneva—Rousseau—Madame de Staël—Swiss savants—Zurich a Poets' Corner—Breitinger, Bodmer, Haller, Klopstock, &c.—Pestalozzi—Lavater—The Helvetic Society.

XXIX.

The French Revolution and Switzerland 343-359

Swiss Guards massacred in Paris—Insurrection of Stäfa—Treaty of Campo Formio—The Paris Helvetic Club—The Lemanic Republic—Surrender of Bern—Helvetic Republic proclaimed—Opposition by Schwyz, Stanz, &c.

XXX.

The One and Undivided Helvetic Republic 357-368

A levy ordered by France—Franco-Helvetic alliance—Austrian occupation—Russian occupation—Battle of Zurich—Suwarow's extraordinary marches—Heavy French requisitions—Rengger and Stapfer,—Centralists and Federalists—Napoleon as mediator.

XXXI.

The Mediation Act and Napoleon 369-381

Conference in Paris on Swiss matters—Mediation Act signed—The Bockenkrieg—Six new cantons formed—Material and intellectual progress—Extinction of Diet—The Long Diet—Congress of Vienna—Completion of twenty-two cantons.

XXXII.

Switzerland under the Constitution of 1815-48 382-394

Dissatisfaction with results of Vienna Congress—The French revolution of 1830—The Day of Uster—The Siebner Concordat—Catholic League—Progress of education—Political refugees in Switzerland—Louis Philippe—Louis Napoleon—Disturbances in Zurich by the Anti-Nationalists—The Sonderbund War.

XXXIII.

Under the Constitution of 1848 395-407

New Federal Constitution—Federal Assembly—Federal Council—Federal Tribunal—Powers of the individual cantons—Military service—Neuchâtel troubles—Federal Pact amended—The Initiative—The Referendum.

XXXIV.

Industry, Commerce, Railways, Education. The Right of Asylum 408-421

Extent of trade—Exports and imports—Railways—Education—Keller the poet—The Geneva Convention—International Postal Union—International Labour Congress—Switzerland as a political asylum—Franco-German War—Summary of population statistics.

Genealogical Tables 83, 84

Index 423

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Illustration titled UPPER FALL OF THE REICHENBACH (MEYRINGEN) in the list of Illustrations actually is THE STANDARD-BEARERS OF SCHWYZ, URI, UNTERWALDEN AND ZÜRICH. The original text has the wrong description in the list of illustrations.

PAGE

LAKE DWELLINGS, ZURICH LAKE, FROM A DESIGN BY

DR. FERDINAND KELLER Frontispiece

MAP, SHOWING LAKE SETTLEMENTS AROUND ZURICH LAKE, BY MR. HEIERLI 2

(1) DECORATION ON SWORD HILT; (2 AND 3), STONE CELTS FOUND IN SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS (COPIED BY PERMISSION

FROM HARPER'S MAGAZINE) 4

(1) VESSEL; (2) SPECIMENS OF WOVEN FABRICS FOUND IN SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS (COPIED BY PERMISSION FROM

HARPER'S MAGAZINE) 7

SPECIMENS OF POTTERY FOUND IN SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS (COPIED BY PERMISSION FROM HARPER'S MAGAZINE) 10

JOHANNISSTEIN, WITH RUINS OF CASTLE OF HOHENRHÆTIA, NEAR THUSIS, GRAUBÜNDEN 16

HOUSE (FORMERLY CHAPEL) IN ROMAUNSH STYLE, AT SCHULS, LOWER ENGADINE, GRAUBÜNDEN 27

SILVER COIN, VERCINGETORIX (DR. IMHOOF, WINTERTHUR) 29

GOLD COIN, VESPASIAN [VESPASIANUS IMPERATOR-AETERNITAS] (DR. IMHOOF) 34

GOLD COIN OF SIXTEENTH CENTURY [ST. FELIX, ST. REGULA-SANCTUS CAROLUS] (DR. IMHOOF) 42

THE EIGER 52

GREAT MINSTER AND WASSERKIRCHE, ZURICH (APPENZELLER, ZURICH) 67

FURKA PASS 79

CATHEDRAL (EXTERIOR), LAUSANNE 92

CHÂTEAU DE VUFFLENS, VAUD (FOURTEENTH CENTURY) 102

BRONZE FIGURES FROM MAXIMILIAN MONUMENT, INNSBRUCK (ARTHUR OF THE ROUND TABLE,

BRITAIN; THEODOBERT, DUKE OF BURGUNDY; ERNEST, DUKE OF AUSTRIA; THEODORIC, KING OF THE OSTROGOTHS) 106

THE OLD HABSBURG CASTLE, CANTON AARGAU 112

THALER OF THE THREE CANTONS (URI, SCHWYZ, AND UNTERWALDEN) 120

MAP OF OLD SWITZERLAND 138

UPPER FALL OF THE REICHENBACH (MEYRINGEN) 160

PORCH OF BERN MINSTER, WITH STATUE OF RUDOLF VON ERLACH 165

WINKELRIED'S MONUMENT, STANZ 174

ARMS OF URI 189

ST. JACQUES MONUMENT, BASEL, BY SCHLÖTH 196

ARMS OF SCHWYZ 198

ELIZABETH, WIFE OF ALBERT II.; MARIA OF BURGUNDY; ELEANOR OF PORTUGAL; KUNIGUNDE,

SISTER OF MAXIMILIAN (FROM MAXIMILIAN MONUMENT, INNSBRUCK) 201

MAP OF GRANDSON 210

OLD WEAPONS AND ARMOUR IN ZURICH ARSENAL 214

INNER COURT OF THE ABBEY OF OUR LADY. LUTH

CHAPTER OF ZURICH 220

ARMS OF UNTERWALDEN 229

MARBLE RELIEVI, MAXIMILIAN MONUMENT, INNSBRUCK 231

CITY WALLS OF MURTEN 235

CUSTOM-HOUSE, FREIBURG 240

SARNEN, BERN 244

CITY WALLS, LUCERNE 246

ULRICH ZWINGLI 256

MINSTER, BERN 270

THALER OF 1564 (ST. GALL) 289

HIGH ALTAR, CHUR CATHEDRAL 306

ROUSSEAU 329

PESTALOZZI 330

HALLER 333

LAVATER 340

THE LION OF LUCERNE 344

LA HARPE 348

REDING 354

DILIGENCE CROSSING THE SIMPLON PASS 362

INTERLAKEN, FROM THE FELSENEGG 386

POLYTECHNIKUM AT ZURICH 397

VIEW OF SION 404

LAW COURTS AT LAUSANNE 407

VICTIMS OF THE WORK, ST. GOTHARD TUNNEL, FROM A BAS-RELIEF BY VELA (BY SPECIAL

PERMISSION OF SCULPTOR) 411

PORTRAIT OF GOTFRIED KELLER, THE POET 413

INTERIOR OF LAUSANNE CATHEDRAL 419

TABLE

SHOWING NAMES (GERMAN AND FRENCH), AREAS, AND POPULATIONS OF CANTONS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] This grand total of the population, on Dec. 1, 1888, is taken from the provisional Census Tables issued by the Swiss Government in 1889.

THE STORY OF SWITZERLAND.

I.

THE LAKE DWELLERS.

Who first lived in this country of ours? What and what manner of men were they who first settled on its virgin soil and made it home? These questions naturally present themselves every now and then to most thoughtful people. And the man with any pretensions to culture feels an interest in the history of other countries besides his own.

But however interesting these questions as to primary colonizations may be, they are usually exactly the most difficult of answer that the history of a country presents. Now and then indeed we may know tolerably well the story of some early Greek immigration, or we may possess full accounts of the modern settlement of a Pitcairn Island; but in far the greater number of instances we can but dimly surmise or rashly guess who and what were the earliest inhabitants of any given region.

MAP Showing the Chief Lake Settlements in or near LAKE ZURICH,

By Prof. T. Heierli, Zurich.

In the case of Switzerland, however, we are particularly fortunate. Every schoolboy has heard of the wonderful discoveries made on the shores of the beautiful Swiss lakes during the last few years, and the same schoolboy even understands, if somewhat hazily, the importance attaching to these discoveries. Nevertheless, some short account of the earliest inhabitants of the rugged Helvetia must occupy this first chapter. And to the general reader some little information as to what was found, and how it was found, on the lake shores, may not come amiss.

In the winter of 1853, the waters of Zurich lake sank so low that a wide stretch of mud was laid bare along the shores. The people of Meilen, a large village some twelve miles from the town of Zurich, took advantage of this unusual state of things to effect certain improvements, and during the operations the workmen's tools struck against some obstacles, which proved to be great wooden props, or piles. These piles, the tops of which were but a few inches below the surface of the mud, were found to be planted in rows and squares, and the number of them seemed to be enormous. And then there were picked out of the mud large numbers of bones, antlers, weapons, implements of various kinds, and what not. Dr. Ferdinand Keller, a great authority on Helvetian antiquities, was sent from Zurich to examine the spot, and he pronounced it to be a lake settlement, probably of some very ancient Celtic tribe. Many marks of a prehistoric occupation had previously been found, but hitherto no traces of dwellings. Naturally the news of this important discovery of lake habitations caused a great sensation, and gave a great impulse to archæological studies. Dr. Keller called these early settlers Pfahl-bauer, or pile-builders, from their peculiar mode of building their houses.

(1) DECORATION ON SWORD HILT; (2 AND 3) STONE CELTS, FOUND IN SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS.

(Copied by permission from Harper's Magazine.)

During the course of the last thirty years, over two hundred of these aquatic villages have been discovered—on the shores of the lakes of Constance, Geneva, Zurich, Neuchâtel, Bienne, Morat, and other smaller lakes, and on certain rivers and swampy spots which had once been lakes or quasi-lakes. The Alpine lakes, however, with their steep and often inaccessible banks, show no trace of lake settlements.

The lake dwellings are mostly[2] placed on piles driven some 10 feet into the bed of the lake, and as many as thirty or forty thousand of these piles have been found in a single settlement. The houses themselves were made of hurdlework, and thatched with straw or rushes. Layers of wattles and clay alternating formed the floors, and the walls seem to have been rendered more weather-proof by a covering of clay, or else of bulrushes or straw. A railing of wickerwork ran round each hut, partly no doubt to keep off the wash of the lake, and partly as a protection to the children. Light bridges, or gangways easily moved, connected the huts with each other and with the shore. Each house contained two rooms at least, and some of the dwellings measured as much as 27 feet by 22 feet. Hearthstones blackened by fire often remain to show where the kitchens had been. Mats of bast, straw, and reeds abound in the settlements, and show that the lakemen had their notions of cosiness and comfort. Large crescent-shaped talismans, carved on one side, were hung over the entrances to the huts, showing pretty clearly that the moon-goddess was worshipped. The prehistoric collections in the public museums at Zurich, Berne, Bienne, Neuchâtel, and Geneva, not to speak of private collections, are very extensive and very fine, containing tools, handsome weapons, knives of most exquisite shape and carving, women's ornaments, some of them of the most elegant kind. A lady of the lake in full dress would seem to have made an imposing show. An undergarment of fine linen was girded at the waist by a broad belt of inlaid or embossed bronze work. Over the shoulders was thrown a woollen cloak fastened with bronze clasps, or pins, whilst neck, arms, and ankles were decked with a great store of trinkets—necklaces, anklets, bracelets, rings, spangles, and so forth. The whole was set off by a diadem of long pins with large heads beautifully chiselled, and inlaid with beads of metal or glass, these pins being stuck through a sort of leathern fillet which bound up the hair. So beautiful are some of the trinkets, that imitations of them in gold are in request by the ladies of to-day.

(1) VESSEL; (2) SPECIMENS OF WOVEN FABRICS FOUND IN SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS.

(Copied by permission from Harper's Magazine.)

It is curious to find that one of the most extensive lake colonies in Switzerland is situated in and spread over the vast marshes of Robenhausen (Zurich) which once formed part of Lake Pfäffikon. The visitor who is not deterred by the inconvenience of a descent into a damp and muddy pit some 11 feet deep, where excavations are still being carried on, finds himself facing three successive settlements, one above another, and all belonging to the remote stone age. Between the successive settlements are layers of turf, some 3 feet thick, the growth of many centuries. The turf itself is covered by a stratum of sticky matter, 4 inches thick. In this are numbers of relics embedded, both destructible and indestructible objects being perfectly well preserved, the former kept from decay through having been charred by fire. The late Professor Heer discovered and analysed remains of more than a hundred different kinds of plants. Grains, and even whole ears of wheat and barley, seeds of strawberries and raspberries, dried apples, textile fabrics, implements, hatchets of nephrite—this mineral and the Oriental cereals show clearly enough that the lakemen traded with the East, though no doubt through the Mediterranean peoples—spinning-wheels, corn-squeezers, floorings, fragmentary walls—all these are found in plenty, in each of the three layers. The topmost settlement, however, contains no destructible matters, such as corn, fruits, &c. This is to be accounted for by the fact that the two lower settlements were destroyed by fire, and the uppermost one by the growth of the turf, or by the rising marshes. In the latter case there was no friendly action of fire to preserve the various objects.

The scholar's mind is at once carried back to the account given by Herodotus of Thrakian lake-dwellers.[3] The people of this tribe, he tells us, built their houses over water, so as to gain facilities for fishing. They used to let down baskets through trapdoors in the floors of their huts, and these baskets rapidly filled with all kinds of fish that had gathered around, tempted by the droppings of food.

Though the lakemen depended chiefly on the water for their supply of food, yet they were hunters, and great tillers of the ground as well as fishermen. They grew wheat and barley, and kept horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. The women spun flax and wool, and wove them into fabrics for clothing. Their crockery was at first of a very primitive description, being made of black clay, and showing but little finish or artistic design. But the children were not forgotten, for they were supplied with tiny mugs and cups.[4]

SPECIMENS OF POTTERY FOUND IN SWISS LAKE DWELLINGS.

(Copied by permission from Harper's Magazine.

With regard to the date when the immigration of lakemen began the savants are hopelessly at variance. Nor do they agree any better as to the dates of the stone and bronze epochs into which the history of the lake settlements divides itself. But as in some of the marshy stations these two epochs reach on to the age of iron, it is assumed by many authorities that the lake dwellers lived on to historical times. This is particularly shown in the alluvial soil and marshes between the lakes of Neuchâtel and Bienne, Préfargier being one of the chief stations, where settlements belonging to the stone, bronze, and iron ages are found ranged one above another in chronological order. In the topmost stratum or colony, the lakemen's wares are found mingling pell-mell with iron and bronze objects of Helvetian and Roman make, a fact sufficient, probably, to show that the lake dwellers associated with historical peoples. It would be useless as well as tedious to set forth at length all the theories prevailing as to the origin and age of the lake dwellings. Suffice it to say that, by some authorities, the commencement of the stone period is placed at six thousand, and by others at three thousand years before the Christian era, the latter being probably nearest the truth. As to the age of bronze, we may safely assign it to 1100-1000 b.c., for Professor Heer proves conclusively that the time of Homer—the Greek age of bronze—was contemporary with the bronze epoch of the lakemen.[5]

The Lake period would seem to have drawn to a close about 600-700 b.c., when the age of bronze was superseded by that of iron. According to the most painstaking investigations made by Mr. Heierli, of Zurich, now the greatest authority on the subject in Switzerland, the lakemen left their watery settlements about the date just given, and began to fix their habitations on terra firma. Various tombs already found on land would bear witness to this change. When these peculiar people had once come on shore to live they would be gradually absorbed into neighbouring and succeeding races, no doubt into some of the Celtic tribes, and most likely into the Helvetian peoples. Thus they have their part, however small it may be, in the history of the Swiss nation. It must be added that the Pfahl-bauer are no longer held to have been a Celtic people, but are thought to have belonged to some previous race, though which has not as yet been ascertained.

But enough has been written on the subject, perhaps. Yet, on the other hand, it would have been impossible to pass over the lakemen in silence, especially now when the important discoveries of similar lake settlements in East Yorkshire have drawn to the subject the attention of all intelligent English-speaking people.[6]

FOOTNOTES:

[2] There are two distinct kinds of settlement, but we are here dealing with the first or earlier kind.

[3] Herod, v. 16.

[4] The lake tribes of the bronze age, however, not only understood the use of copper and bronze, but were far more proficient in the arts than their predecessors. Some of the textile fabrics found are of the most complicated weaving, and some of the bronze articles are of most exquisite chiselling, though these were probably imported from Italy, with which country the lake dwellers would seem to have had considerable traffic. The earliest specimens of pottery are usually ornamented by mere rude nail scratchings, but those of the bronze period have had their straight lines and curves made by a graving tool. In fact, the later tribes had become lovers of art for its own sake, and even the smallest articles of manufacture were decorated with designs of more or less elaboration and finish.

[5] The products of the soil seem to have been the same amongst the lakemen as amongst Homer's people. Both knew barley and wheat, and neither of them knew rye. In their mode of dressing and preparing barley for food the two peoples concurred. It was not made into bread, but roasted to bring off the husk. And roasted barley is still a favourite article of diet in the Lower Engadine. The Greeks ate it at their sacrifices, and always took supplies of it when starting on a journey. So Telemachus asks his old nurse Eurykleia to fill his goat skin with roasted barley when he sets out in search of his father. And young Greek brides were required to complete the stock of household belongings by providing on their marriage day a roasting vessel for barley.

[6] Those who wish to see pretty well all that can be said on the matter should read the valuable article in The Westminster Review, for June, 1887.

II.

THE HELVETIANS.

The history of a country often includes the history of many peoples, for history is a stage on which nations and peoples figure like individual characters, playing their parts and making their exits, others stepping into their places. And so the Swiss soil has been trodden by many possessors—Celts, Rhætians, Alamanni, Burgundians, Franks. These have all made their mark upon