A Year in Reading: Kristen R. Ghodsee
I spent a lot of this year ruminating on time: what it is, how we measure it, and why we’re so loathe to waste it. Calendars are not just neutral containers for our weeks, months, and years, but unique cultural artifacts that shape our temporal relations with nature and each other.
Because I teach, study, and write about revolutionary and utopian movements throughout history, I’m fascinated that so many past social dreamers have attempted to reorder time as part of their plans to reimagine the world.
The Julian calendar came into effect in 45 BC, and served as the primary calendar of the Roman Empire and of medieval Europe for about 1600 years. Outdated astronomical calculations caused the Julian Calendar to add an extra day every 128 years, so after over a millennium and a half of use, Pope Gregory XIII corrected the Julian Calendar in 1582. His papal bull established what we now call the Gregorian calendar, which
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