Poland
In 1795, the once-great kingdom of Poland was partitioned between Russia, Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire. But the idea of Polish nationhood never died and nor did the desire to re-unite the country – an ambition kept alive by occasional revolts and the formation of Polish Regiments in its occupiers’ armies.
Poland’s first stamp dates from this period. It was issued by Congress Poland, or Russian Poland, which was created by the Congress of Vienna and ruled by the Tsar. This 10 kopec stamp was strictly unofficial but the St Petersburg Post Office allowed it to be used on mail within the territory and to Russia. It can easily be mistaken for a Russian stamp but its centre features the Congress Poland coat of arms. It was in use from 1860 - 1865.
A re-united country
The First World War spelled the end of all three occupying powers and the Poles were ready to seize the opportunity. After the withdrawal of Russia, the country was occupied by Austria and Germany. The Austrian areas declared independence on 29 October 1918 – slightly ahead of the official date of 11 November 1918. Polish stamps appeared from 17 November, mostly taking the form of overprints on occupation issues.
This is a vast and very complex stamp catalogue lists around 120 stamps before the issues for the whole country appear on 1 February 1920. But a quick online search will reveal literally hundreds more – from local post offices as well as regional postmasters – the genuine along with the bogus. Wikipedia covers these issues in considerable depth. Alternatively, the simpler listing in would be a challenge in itself to complete as well as a useful springboard.
