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  • The American Scholar

    Shadow Warriors

    Mar 05, 2018 4 minutes
    KAREN J. GREENBERG

    DIRECTORATE S: The CIA and America’s Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001–2016

    BY STEVE COLL

    Penguin Press, 784 pp., $35

    LOOKING BACK ON the October 2001 invasion of Afghanistan, the CIA’s then–“war commander” Hank Crumpton remembers having little concern for the Taliban. “I don’t think we thought much about them at all,” he says. Similarly, James Dobbins, the State Department diplomat charged with helping establish a new government in Kabul, saw the Taliban as “discredited” and “displaced,” seemingly too insignificant for inclusion in plans for the country’s future—an impression, he now concedes, that “turned out to

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