Magnetic Nanoparticles: Advancing Targeted Therapy and Diagnostics in Nanomedicine

By Fouad Sabry

Explore the fascinating world of Magnetic Nanoparticles, a key component in the rapidly growing field of Nanomedicine. This comprehensive book provides a detailed understanding of how magnetic nanoparticles are revolutionizing medical diagnostics, treatment, and drug delivery systems. Offering valuable insights, this book is a mustread for professionals, students, and enthusiasts eager to grasp the intricacies of cuttingedge nanotechnology

Magnetic nanoparticles-This chapter introduces the fundamentals of magnetic nanoparticles, including their properties and applications in Nanomedicine

Maghemite-The chapter focuses on the use of maghemite nanoparticles, highlighting their biomedical relevance and potential in magnetic drug delivery

Magnetic particle imaging-This chapter explains the innovative imaging technique that utilizes magnetic nanoparticles for superior diagnostic imaging in medicine

Iron oxide nanoparticle-It discusses iron oxide nanoparticles and their pivotal role in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and targeted drug delivery

Ferrite (magnet)-The properties and biomedical uses of ferritebased magnetic nanoparticles are explored in this chapter, emphasizing their significance in Nanomedicine

Iron(III) oxide-This chapter covers iron(III) oxide nanoparticles, their synthesis, and application in various therapeutic and diagnostic methods

Magnetite-A detailed analysis of magnetite nanoparticles, focusing on their magnetic properties and medical applications in targeted therapy and imaging

Magnetofection-This chapter delves into the process of magnetofection, describing how magnetic nanoparticles enhance gene delivery to targeted cells

Magnetoelastic filament-It explains the potential of magnetoelastic filaments as an innovative platform for drug delivery and magnetic actuation

Magnetictargeted carrier-The chapter highlights magnetictargeted carriers, offering a deeper understanding of their role in improving drug delivery efficiency

Iron oxide-A discussion on the versatility of iron oxide nanoparticles, including their various biomedical applications such as cancer therapy

Cobalt oxide nanoparticle-This chapter explores the unique properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles, with a focus on their therapeutic and diagnostic potentials

Magnetic nanoring-Magnetic nanorings are examined for their promising role in enhancing drug delivery, magnetic sensing, and imaging techniques

Janus particles-This chapter discusses Janus particles, with emphasis on their dualfunctionality in drug delivery and imaging

Nanofluid-The properties and applications of magnetic nanofluids in drug delivery and diagnostics are discussed in this chapter

Iron–platinum nanoparticle-It focuses on the synthesis and biomedical applications of ironplatinum nanoparticles, highlighting their magnetic properties

Nanochemistry-The chapter explores nanochemistry, providing an understanding of the chemical processes involved in the fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles

Iron(II,III) oxide-A discussion on iron(II,III) oxide nanoparticles, their synthesis, and applications in the medical field

Ferrofluid-This chapter covers ferrofluids and their applications in targeted drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and medical treatments

Nanoparticle-It provides an overview of nanoparticles in Nanomedicine, with a focus on magnetic nanoparticles and their uses in medicine

Cuprospinel-The chapter concludes with the exploration of cuprospinel nanoparticles and their promising applications in magnetic targeting and therapy

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: Mar 13, 2025

Book preview

Chapter 1: Magnetic nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles, also known as MNPs, are a type of nanoparticle that may be manipulated through the use of magnetic fields. [Citation needed] These particles typically consist of two components: a magnetic material, which is typically iron, nickel, and cobalt, and a chemical component that possesses functionality. Nanoparticles have a diameter that is less than one micrometer (usually between one and one hundred nanometers), whereas the diameter of larger microbeads ranges from half a micrometer to five hundred micrometers. Magnetic nanobeads are magnetic nanoparticle clusters that have a diameter ranging from fifty to two hundred nanometers. These magnetic nanobeads are made up of a number of individual magnetic nanoparticles. A foundation for the subsequent magnetic assembly of magnetic nanoparticles into magnetic nanochains is provided by magnetic nanoparticle clusters. Recently, magnetic nanoparticles have been the subject of a significant amount of research due to the fact that they possess desirable properties that could potentially be utilized in the field of catalysis. These properties include nanomaterial-based catalysts, biomedicine and tissue specific targeting, magnetically tunable colloidal photonic crystals, microfluidics, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, data storage, environmental remediation, nanofluids, optical filters, defect sensor, magnetic cooling, and cation sensors.

When it comes to magnetic nanoparticles, the synthesis technique and chemical structure are two of the most important factors that determine their physical and chemical capabilities. In the majority of instances, the particles have a size that falls between 1 and 100 nanometers and may exhibit superparamagnetism.

with terms of magnetic nanoparticles, the ones that have been investigated the most up to this point are ferrite nanoparticles or iron oxide nanoparticles (iron oxides with the crystal structure of maghemite or magnetite). As soon as the ferrite particles reach a size that is smaller than 128 nanometers, they transform into superparamagnetic particles. This prevents them from aggregating among themselves, as they only exhibit their magnetic activity when an external magnetic field is applied. Through the controlled clustering of a number of individual superparamagnetic nanoparticles into superparamagnetic nanoparticle clusters, also known as magnetic nanobeads, it is possible to significantly increase the magnetic moment of ferrite nanoparticles. Following the deactivation of the external magnetic field, the remanence returns to its initial value of zero. In the same way that the surface of non-magnetic oxide nanoparticles is frequently modified by surfactants, silica, silicones, or phosphoric acid derivatives, the surface of ferrite nanoparticles is frequently modified in order to significantly improve their stability in solution.

In most cases, the surface of a magnetic nanoparticle made of maghemite or magnetite is rather inert, and it does not permit the formation of strong covalent connections with functionalization molecules. On the other hand, the reactivity of the magnetic nanoparticles can be enhanced by depositing a layer of silica onto the surface of the particles. Through the formation of covalent connections between organo-silane molecules and the silica shell, the silica shell is capable of being easily changed with a variety of surface functional groups. Furthermore, certain fluorescent dye molecules are capable of forming covalent bonds with the functionalized silica shell.

The clusters of ferrite nanoparticles, which have a limited size distribution and are composed of superparamagnetic oxide nanoparticles (about 80 maghemite superparamagnetic nanoparticles per bead), coated with a silica shell, possess various advantages in comparison to metallic nanoparticles.

In addition, magnetic nanoparticles have been coated with a molecularly imprinted polymer. This coating imparts a particular recognition aspect to the particles, which enables them to be utilized for the purpose of selectively capturing molecules of interest.

Due to the increased magnetic moment that metallic nanoparticles possess, they may be advantageous for certain technical applications. On the other hand, oxides including magnetite and maghemite would be advantageous for applications in the field of biomedicine. A further implication of this is that, at the same time, metallic nanoparticles can be made smaller than their oxide counterparts. Metallic nanoparticles, on the other hand, have the significant drawback of being pyrophoric and reactive to oxidizing chemicals to varying degrees. This provide a significant disadvantage. This not only makes their handling more complex, but it also makes it possible for them to have undesired side reactions, which makes them less suitable for use in healthcare applications. Additionally, the creation of colloid for metallic particles is a far more difficult task.

In order to passivate the metallic core of magnetic nanoparticles, moderate oxidation, surfactants, polymers, and precious metals are all viable options. The formation of an anti-ferromagnetic CoO layer on the surface of the Co nanoparticle occurs when the nanoparticles are exposed to an oxygen environment. The synthesis and exchange bias effect in these Co core CoO shell nanoparticles with a gold outer shell have been the subject of research that has been conducted in recent developments.

Recent developments have led to the synthesis of nanoparticles that feature a magnetic core made of either elemental iron or cobalt and a nonreactive shell made of graphene. In comparison to ferrite or elemental nanoparticles, the following advantages are present:

In addition, magnetic nanoparticles have been coated with a molecularly imprinted polymer. This coating imparts a particular recognition aspect to the particles, which enables them to be utilized for the purpose of selectively capturing molecules of interest.

There are a few different approaches to the creation of magnetic nanoparticles.

The synthesis of iron oxides (either Fe3O4 or γ-Fe2O3) from aqueous Fe2+/Fe3+ salt solutions can be accomplished through the process of co-precipitation, which is a straightforward and convenient method. For this, a base is added under inert conditions.

either at room temperature or at a temperature that is higher than room temperature. The types of salts that are used (such as chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates), the ratio of Fe2+ to Fe3+, the reaction temperature, the pH value and ionic strength of the medium, and the mixing rate with the base solution that is used to provoke the precipitation all play a significant role in determining the size, shape, and composition of the magnetic nanoparticles. For the purpose of producing ferrite nanoparticles with regulated sizes and magnetic characteristics, the co-precipitation method has been utilized extensively. It has been claimed that a wide range of experimental configurations can be utilized to promote the continuous and large-scale co-precipitation of magnetic particles through the phenomenon of rapid mixing. Recently, an integrated AC magnetic susceptometer was used to detect the growth rate of magnetic nanoparticles in real time during the precipitation of magnetite nanoparticles. This measurement was carried out within the mixing zone of the reactants.

The thermal breakdown of alkaline organometallic compounds in high-boiling organic solvents that contain stabilizing surfactants is a method that can be used to accomplish the synthesis of magnetic nanocrystals with lower sizes.

Through the process of thermal decomposition, the creation of magnetic nanoparticles can be accelerated significantly through the utilization of microwave chemistry. For the purpose of simultaneously producing magnetic nanoparticles and functionalizing them with glutaraldehyde, Sullivan and colleagues created a microwave approach that only requires one pot to do both of these tasks. A magnetic nanoparticle that is prepared for use in biological applications is being produced.

Metallic cobalt, cobalt/platinum alloys, and gold-coated cobalt/platinum nanoparticles have been generated in reverse micelles of cetyltrimethlyammonium bromide by employing the microemulsion process. Furthermore, 1-butanol was used as the cosurfactant, while octane was used as the oil